and 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


B.  0.  BAXEH 

LAWYER 
DALLAS,  TEXAS 


<*& 


& 


••• 


MODERN 

GRAHAM 


SHORTHAND 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1910  by 

THE  ARTHUR  J.  BARNES  PUB.  CO. 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE. 

Twenty-two  years  ago  (in  Barnes'  Shorthand  Lessons  of 
1885)  we  departed  from  the  usual  method  of  shorthand  authors 
and  teachers  in  the  following  particulars : 

All  philosophy  and  unnecessary  theory  were  cast  aside,  and 
the  essentials  of  shorthand  were  presented  in  plain,  simple 
language. 

The  vowels  were  grouped  according  to  place  instead  of 
length,  and  a  memory  sentence  given  for  each  group. 

Position  was  introduced  immediately  after  the  exposition  of 
the  vowels. 

Cft 

£}       The  reporting  style,  "Finality  of  outline"  as  it  has  been 
aptly  termed,  was  taught  from  the  first. 

In    Barnes'   Shorthand  Manual   of    1888    we  adopted   the 
\"l    Graham    plan  of  joining  the  semicircles. 

In  1893  we   took  another  advance  step,  and  presented  the 

second-place  group  of  vowels  first,  because  second  position  is 

r?  the  natural  and  the  easiest  position,  on  the  line, .the  same  as 

**  longhand.     First  position  was  taught  simultaneously  with  the 

5   first-place   vowels,    and    third   position  with   the   third-place 

vowels. 

In   1900  we  adapted  the  Sentence  Method  to  the  teaching  of 
_   shorthand,  sentences  being  given  in  the  first  lesson  ;  the  circle 
pi  was  introduced  in  the  second  lesson,  and  halving  in  the  fourth. 
These    advances    were    at    first    vigorously    opposed    and 
severel}r  criticised  by  some,  but  now  almost  every  recent  text- 
book  gives    prominence    to    some   or    all   of   these   features, 
especially   finality  of   outline,    second-place  vowels  first,  and 
position  simultaneously  with  the  vowels. 

0 

449574 


4  PREFACE 

In  "Brief  Course"  we  are  now  introducing  further  im- 
provements. The  new  features  have  been  thoroughly  tested 
by  competent  teachers,  with  results  heretofore  thought  im- 
possible. Among  these  features  are  the  following: 

Sentences,  wordsigns,  and  simple  phrases  in  the  first  lesson  ; 
telephone  message  and  business  letter  in  the  second  lesson  ; 
business  letters  in  all  subsequent  lessons ;  ticks  for  the,  a, 
an  and  and  given  before  the  dots,  for  first  impression ; 
circles  and  loops  in  one  direction  only  until  the  habit  is  fixed  ; 
Ar  or  Ray  simpler  than  ever;  of-tlie  indicated  by  proximity 
where  it  first  occurs  ;  questions  at  the  end  of  every  lesson  ; 
frequent  review  lessons  ;  and,  best  of  all,  the  important  is  given 
first,  and  minor  pointy,  exceptions,  and  special  difficulties 
postponed  until  the  student  has  grasped  the  essentials  which 
are  being  rooted  in  the  mind  while  the  student  is  learning  the 
minor  points. 

•  As  in  our  previous  texts,  the  principles  upon  which  con- 
tractions are  based  are  clearly  set  forth,  so  that  the  reason  as 
well  as  the  memory  aids  the  student  in  employing  them. 

By  "  Brief  Course"  we  refer  to  the  time  required  to  make 
shorthand  of  practical  value  in  office  and  court  work. 

This  edition  of  "  Brief  Course  "  in  shorthand  presents  what 
is  referred  to  in  the  Graham  Hand-Book  as  the  "  Amanuensis 
Reporting  Style"  of  Standard  Phonography,  with  the  addition 
of  a  few  of  the  most  frequently  occurring  reporting  wordsigns. 
The  Graham  nomenclature  is  followed  very  closely.  The  h 
tick  is  named  heh,  but  is  called  Choid,  Poid  or  Roid  when  in- 
dicating its  direction.  Other  ticks  are  called  Toid,  Koid,  etc. 
A  few  other  simplifications  are  suggested,  but  in  such  a  way 
that  their  adoption  is  optional  with  the  teacher 


LESSON     1. 


1.  Shorthand  may  be  called  a  Picture  of  Sounds.     Each 

shorthand  word  in  this  lesson  is  a  picture  cf  the  sounds  heard 
in  the  word. 

CONSONANT  STROKES. 


Sound  as  in 


1 

/ 

/                           

' 

D 

Chay 

J              K 

Gay 

soft  ch 

j  or  soft  g 

hard  g 

each 

joy,  aye 

go 

VOWELS. 


at* 


1= 


go, 


toe. 


ope 


2.  Learn  the  foregoing  consonants  and  vowels  by  reading 
the  words  and  sentences  given  below.  See  how  soon  you  can 
learn  to  read  the  shorthand  when  the  longhand  is  covered. 


\ 


i>ay 

I*-  day 
I....  aid 


.._./....  age 


•       ache 


Omit  Silent  Letters. 
Spell  by  Sound. 

go 

i       oak 
|-     dough 

..."I....  ode 
NT     bow 
•f^-i.  obey 


33ZEZ£Za 


E... 


Go  pay  Abe  Day.    Jake  Owed  Joe  Folk.     Bake  cake.     Coach  Togo. 


6  BEIEF    COURSE 

3.  Write  all  the  consonant  strokes  in  any  outline  without 
lifting  the  pen.     Insert  the  vowel  afterwards. 

4.  CAUTION  i.     Do  not  slant  T  or  D  in  the  least.     Make 
the  shading  and  length  of  each  stroke  exactly  as  in  the  copy. 
When  using  double-ruled  paper,  make  the  first  down  stroke  of 
an  outline  extend  exactly  from  line  to   line.      Write  the 
second  down  stroke  below  the  lower  line. 

6.  CAUTION  2.     Place  the  vowel  exactly  by  the  middle  of 

the  stroke. 

6.  Now  cover  the  shorthand,  and,  looking  only  at  the  long- 
hand,   write  each  word  in  the  columns  and  sentences.     Com- 
pare your  work    with   the  printed    shorthand.     Correct  the 
slant  of  T  or  D.     See   to  it  that  the  horizontals  are  not  too 
short  or  too  long.     Mark  every  deviation  from  the  copy. 
Practice    the   corrected   words  until  you  know   them ;    then 
rewrite  and  compare  again. 

7.  When  you  have  mastered  the  foregoing,  you  will  know 
about  one-fourth  of  the  shorthand  alphabet.    See  how  soon  you 
can  learn  to  write  the  words  and  sentences  correctly ;  then 
make  a  perfect  copy  of  the  whole. 

CONSONANT  STROKES  CONTINUED, 

M  Emp         N         Ing         heh        Hay          Ray 

mp  or  rab  ng  h  h  r 

Sound  as  in      lamp,  ambush  rung  bank 

8.  Hay  and  Ray  are  always  written  up.     The  other  strokes 
in  this  lesson  are  never  written  up.     Write  heh  down  or  up. 

9.  Use  whichever  form  for  h  makes  the  sharper  angle  or 
more   convenient  joining  with  the  following  stroke,  provided    . 
there  is  no  vowel  after  that  stroke.    Use  heh  in  hale;  bat  Hay 
in  halo,  and  hero,  because  of  the  vowels  after  the  I  and  r. 


IN    SHORTHAND  7 

VOWELS. 

.  =e  (Called  eh).       -i—      egg 
i  =  u  (Called  uh).       X, up 

10.  Notice  how  much  lighter  these   vowels    are   than    the 
signs  for  A  and  O. 

READ  AND  WRITE. 


Ed   Buck   jump    up.      No    monk    may    go.      Wretch,    hoe    hemp. 

^...know    -^rrx-hem       -.<<?..    ray 


I 

..\^_..peg    —  ~^i^.mow    ---s_^..nei9h    ...*rrrs..hemp     -*^.    row 

/....etch  >^gem     v^cr^..neck     ..^—x.hum    ./.     ....rug 

/  ^\/  /^ 

..../-.edge  -^-L.mug    Z...nud£9  ..^.hurnp,/ rung 

\\     i  I  ^  /^-^/ 
ebb    -vrrs-pump  l^,..iOQS^...<^.hay     /:__.  /....wrench 

...L tuck  —  Urv  .dump  --X^,^13110?    ....c^hoe     ^..J"  meadow 

L\     i                  \  1  / 

-dug  -Aii^-bump  .-^Ss_^- bunk Ihead  _.Aj^_._  Jumbo 

—  Zi_._jug     .-.^r-s-jump      A^       rhnnfc  —  ^L<  hnnnr        /  »         TTn.prnft 

11.  When  Ray  is   joined   to  another  stroke,   its    upward 
direction  distinguishes  it  from  the  downward-written  Chay. 
When  not  joined  to  another  stroke,  Ray  should  slant  a  great 
deal  to  prevent  its  looking  like  Chay.     Observe  the  slant*  and 
direction  in  ray,  row,  rug  and  rung  given  in  the  last  column. 
A  slanting  stroke  may  be  slanted  more  or  less  as  is  necessary 
to  make  a  sharp  angle  with  another  stroke. 

12.  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  A  and  O  are  distinguished 
from  eh  and  uh  not  only  by  their  shading  but  also   by  their 


BUIEF    COURSE 


place,  A  and  O  being  always  written  by  the  first  stroke,  while 
eh  and  uh  are  always  written  by  the  second  stroke. 


bake 


.rake 


rage 


\  .      beck  _.,/__  .......  wreck 

.kr*...dame  „  __i  .....  hate 

I  .       deck  ______  /....hedge 

L^...tame  _.kUx..~  ..dome 

\  I 

\  .       peck  ...Lrk  .....  dumb 


..  name 


13.  Learn    to    read  the  above  shorthand  when    the   long- 
hand is  covered,  and  to  write   the   words   when  the  printed 
shorthand  is  covered.     Make  both  lines  in  Hay  straight. 

14.  READ    EVERYTHING    YOU  WRITE,  not  only  for 
the  necessary  practice  in  reading,  but  also  to  ascertain  if  every 
stroke  is  properly  written,  and  if  the  vowels  are  placed  by  the 
right  strokes  and  exactly  by  the  middle  of  the  stroke.     See 
also  that  O  and  uh  are  made  slanting  by  a  slanting  stroke, 
horizontal   by  a   vertical  stroke,  but  vertical  by  a  horizontal 
stroke;  that  is,  always  at  right  angles  to  the  stroke. 

15.  A  wordsign  is  an  abbreviation  or  an  exception.     It  is 
not  written  according  to  rule,  but  it  expresses  one  or  more  of 
the  most  important  sounds  in  the  word.     See  first  line  of  short- 
hand on  next  page. 

16.  The  may  be  indicated  by  a  light  slanting  tick,  written 
down  or  tip;   as,  ^_^/  know-the,  /~^s  may-the. 

17.  J.,  an  or  and  may  be  indicated  by  a  horizontal  tick 
joined  to  the  beginning  or  to  the  end  of  a  word,  whichever  is 
more  convenient.     Ex.    -^_/-  and  know-a. 


IN    SHORTHAND 


9 


18.  When  a  horizontal  tick  does  not  make  a  good  joining,  a 
vertical  tick    may   be  used    for   a,    em/or  and.     Ex. 
bake-a. 


,— 


WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES.  ' 


dollar  do      had    it     him       he        I      you  owe  to     two 
take  am  oh  too 

k 

do-you      to-you      to-the     to-him      you-may       he-may       he-may-go 

I 

i..X h I  ^TT-N .S 


I  know  you  had  it.    Ile-may-go  to-the  bay.     Do-you  owe  him  too? 


Do  go  to-the  meadow.    Hake  up-the  hay;    He  had  to  pay -the  dollar. 

-1 


I 

Judge  Pope  came  Monday.    You-may  hem-the  cape.    He  had  a-dollar. 

~T~  "~T" 

Do  go  to-him.    Pay  him- the  dollar  you  owe  him.    Two  may  go  to-him. 

You-may  bake  him-a  cake.     He-may  engage-the  coach.     Do  make  it. 
Speed  sentences  : 

I  '  •    V     '       • 


...\n....  X „.!.. 


He  had  to    take    it    to-you.     Oh,    I   do   owe    him    a-dollar    too. 

19.  Write  each  sentence  many  times.  The  speed  sentences 
contain  all  the  wordsigns  given  in  this  lesson.  Practice  them 
until  you  can  write  each  one  exactly  like  the  copy  four  times  in  a 
minute  ;  that  is,  at  the  rate  of  about  thirty  words  per  minute. 


10  BRIEF    COURSE 

EXERCISE    1. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 

^  A.  A _ > Al^ te , 3- 

I 


5 •/ X- 

6 i x I/ L. 


QUESTIONS.  1.  What  may  shorthand  be  called?  2. 
What  letters  are  omitted  in  shorthand?  3.  How  are  words 
spelled  in  shorthand?  4.  How  must  a  consonant  outline  be 
written  (Par.  3)?  5.  When  is  the  vowel  inserted ?  6.  Write 
and  name  the  consonants  and  the  vowels  in  their  order. 
7.  What  strokes  are  always  written  up?  8.  What  is  said  of 
the  direction  of  the  other  strokes?  9.  When  should  heh  be 
used,  and  when  Hay?  10.  When  joined  to  another  stroke, 
how  is  Ray  distinguished  from  Chay  ?  11.  When  should  Ray 
slant  more  than  Chay?  12.  By  what  part  of  the  stroke  should 
the  vowels  in  this  lesson  be  placed?  13.  In  what  two  wa}rs 
may  A  and  O  be  distinguished  from  eh  and  uh?  14.  Write 
the  wordsigns  for  him,  had,  he,  dollar,  it,  to,  do,  7,  too,  you, 
oive,  two,  oh.  15.  Write  the  phrases  to-the,  do-you,  he-may, 
to-him,  you-may,  he-may-go.  16.  Is— .  G  or  Gay?  17.  Are 
you  apt  to  slant  T  and  D  to  the  right  or  to  the  left? 


IX    SHORTHAND  11 

LESSON     2. 

CONSONANT  STROKES  CONTINUED 
WRITTEN    DOWN. 

r      -\    ^ 

Yay  Ar       Way 

y  r         w 

Vowels. 

20.  *Obsoure   a,    as   in   awoke    and    7)ora,  u  pronounced 
practically  the  same  as  short  u,  and  may  be  represented  by  uh. 
Uh  is  also  used  in  such  words  as  urn,  earn,  berth,  birth,  worth, 
myrrh. 

21.  The  a  heard  in  chair,  dare,  fair  and  pear  is  represented 
by  A. 

22.  Learn   to   read  the  following  sentences  when\he  long- 
hand  is   covered,    and   to  write  them  when  the  shorthand  is 
covered : 

'(. V "T""  "  "X S^T I- I- 

V \ /TN _«s>-_x_ _> — j. \ \ L^. LL...X 

(7  v    \ 

They  both  make  fudge.    I  kuow-thc  way-the  knave  toro-the  door. 


Dora  may  go  to  Tokyo.    Nora  and-Oyer  may  both  go  to  Rome. 

23.  CAUTION.  A  slanting  curve  should  not  begin  or  end 
like  T,  K  or  Ith.  Slant  it  out,  not  in.  When  making 

*  The  Century  Dictionary  says  of  this  vowel  sound :  "  Even  in  the  months  of 
the  best  speakers,  its  sound  13  variable  to,  and  in  ordinary  utterance  actually 
becomes,  the  short  a  sound  (la  bat,  pun,  etc  )." 


12 


BRIKF    COURSE 


Ith  and  The,  curve  out  until  half  way  down,  then  curve  in  so 
that  the  end  of  the  stroke  will  be  exactly  under  the  point  of 
beginning.  The  upper  and  the  lower  half  of  each  stroke 
should  be  uniformly  curved.  Practice  the  foregoing  sentences 
until  you  find  it  easy  to  write  them  according  to  these 
directions. 

24.  Both  the  angle  and  the  vowel  are  considered  in  de- 
termining whether  Ar  or  Ray  should  be  used.  If  Ray  does 
not  make  a  good  joining  with  another  stroke,  use  Ar  ;  and  vice 
versa.  Where  both  would  make  a  sharp  angle  with  another 
stroke,  use  Ar  if  the  syllable  sounds  more  like  Ar ;  thus,  use 
Ar  in  air,  ark,  early,  tar,  bore;  but  use  Ray  when  the  syl- 
lable sounds  more  like  Ray  ;  as,  rake,  rope,  fora?/,  bur?/. 

Read  and  write  the  following  words  as  directed  for  the 
sentences : 


fame      __\       bathe 

7( 


fetch    .£______yea 

vetch    ____  j  __  ail- 


_err 
.fur 
furrow 

\      above    _j\ pear    __\__bur 

^__.  -  .^  i          .       »-^ 

.__C^x-_ thumb u,__.dare  ...\^...barrow 

i^rr^—thump  __^=-^_ .fair     .__^L^.bear  __\/_v.. berth 

-«. .  •^    i  /    /    \  i        ^ 


awake  ___  J.__hair    __vX_  __  thorough  _:C/_L_forth 

25.  Making  a  stroke  half  as  long  as  usual  adds  t  or  d. 

•^    Y         \  .\  kr         H 

no      note         ape  aped  vote         aided       hurt 

26.  The  half  lengths  are  called  Pet,  Bet,  Vet,  Tet,  Thet, 
etc.     Tet  may  be  used  for  ted,  and  Det  for  ded,  as  in  /• 
rated  and  4^    headed.  B  o 


IN    SHORTHAND  13 

27.  But   neither   Hay    nor    Ray  should   be   halved   unless 
joined  to  another  stroke,  or  to  a  hook  to  be  learned  later  on. 

A /I "/\ -..^. 

1 X[ XI cfL'l V^ [x 

hate         wrote         road         ahead  ferret  turret 

Read  with  the  longhand  covered,  and  write  with  the  short- 
hand covered. 

get        __(r._thud  Jv_.  fetched         ...rzTTs.-.kept 

|«  date  nut  \     bathed  ~jj   _  caged 

r 

...\.  pet  __A»_fate  AA.. thumbed  _  _^/_    _ nudged 

...\  bed  _  cut  _'^__  agent  .  .T7— _ gauged 

..k...  fed  _*X.  hummed  ...(....  theft  ....^1^-..  method 

./..jet  _JL..  hugged  ..<^1L...  "c^ged  ^±^T7...  engaged 

^^  met  .^...hemmed  ._V-_  buffet  ....7T77X  covet 

28.  Observe,    in   the   last   column   of   shorthand,  that  the 
horizontal   stroke  in  each  outline  is  written  high  so  that  the 
down  stroke  may  rest  on  the  line  of  writing. 

CONSONANT  STROKES  CONCLUDED. 

DOWN  UP 


o                 )          ) 

J 

J 

/  

iss             S        Z 

Ish 

Zhe 

•  Lav 

Initial  S 

sh 

zh 

1 

Medial  s  or  z 

Final  s  or  z 

29.  When  iss  begins  an  outline,  it  is  read  before  everything 
else  ;  — before  the  vowel,  before  the  stroke,  before  everything  to 

o  p 

be  learned  later  on.     Ex.  /\  soap,    'I   said. 


14 


BRIEF    COURSE 


30.  When   iss   ends  an   outline,  it  is  read  after  everything 
else — after   the   stroke,  after  the  vowel,  after  the  t  or  d  indi- 
cated by  halving,  etc.     Ex.  \&   votes,    ^o  spades. 

31.  The  circle  iss  is  generally  used  for  s;  but  the  stroke  S 
must  be   used  when  s  is  the  only  consonant  next  to  the 
vowel,  as  in  ask  or  also. 


Hasten,  Bess,  and-  take  Seth'a  razors  to  coubhi  Joseph.  So  you  say  Rosa  may  sew. 


Ezra,  show  hlm-the  way  to  Zoar.    Let  him  pay  for-the  barege  they  showed  you. 

32.  CAUTION.  Be  sure  to  make  iss  with  a  motion  contrary 
to  that  of  the  hands  of   a  clock.     Put  the  vowel  on  the  same 
side  of  the  stroke  as  if  there  were  no  circle  there. 

33.  Learn  to  read  the  words  in  the  columns  below  when  the 
longhand  is   covered,  and  to  write  them  in  correct  shorthand 
when  the  printed  shorthand  is  covered.     Follow  this  genera) 
plan  with  all  exercises  unless  otherwise  directed. 


_  X    soap 

"(o    oaths 

JCv.  .  .  safe 
jt—  said 

_lC....Seth 

7° 

y° 

../___  sane 

.£---  yeas 
.<*J_£.  sons 
.6*-.  chose 
._bL.  yes 
._Jbl-  does 

>_...  notes 


...  saves 


_£>__gets       o  '  o      soaks 
. t> debts    ^c/Lt> searches 


.„  essay 
_  estate 


L_.  stays  ._2^3- suppose  J^-— spades  <& roars       \f._ hole 


IN   SHORTHAND 


15 


EXERCISE  2. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 


4- 

.....  2.  ........  k,  .......  i  ........    ...._  _ 

7  r 

3    r   -C    ••  )-      I.  V_  V 

.....  *  ............  ..      ...A  .....  A..x  .....  £...!.  ........  i  ...  ^r^..\  .....  L.X....  J  .......  !  ......  X,...x  ........ 

/^<- 
WO11DSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 

•^::::o::^:1:x:£:a:;:(  :j:i:r:r:^ 

home  is     as    away  but  be  for  have  think  them  shall  of  your  will  o\vu 
his  has 

z±i:  ;,::::::::R:::::::P::IZZ:: 

expect  of-his   of-them        but-the  he-is  he-has  he-will 

34.  Learn  the  new  wordsigns  by  writing  the  speed  sentences. 
Work  on  each  sentence  until  you  can  write  it  correctly  at  the 
rate  of  thirty  or  forty  words  per  minute. 

Speed  sentences: 

:T::  :  ::: 

VD 

He-thinks  it  is  safe  for  his  son  to  have  it.    Shall  I-say  you-will-take 
?  S~  *  \        \  /  /A  ^^-"1 

.A_  .......  (  .........  _o  ......  £.  ............  ./...-).  ........  K  .....  ..*..„  ...........  L...LA  .......  .\r  ................  fc 

two  of-them  as  yours?     lie  owes   Ezra,   but-  the  debt  will-be   paid  Monday 

35.  Write  the    following  exercise   in  longhand;  then  from 
your  longhand  write  it  in  shorthand.     Write  the  letter  several 
times. 


16 


BRIEF    COURSE 


EXERCISE     3. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 


i  I 


I  I 

../.."!"....[. n....  __ 


_ \ . 


.X...I.. 


.N  ...x £1 (• ^^ [•„ 


//^"  / 
....  X-W.....O     — 


10 


Judson  Hedges, 
Mail  Agent,  Cairo. 

Two  coaches  upset-and  wrecked  above  Jonesboro  depot. 
Mail  is  saved,  but  will-be  a-day  late.  Have  bus  hasten  both 
Helena-and  Rosedale  mail  to-the  boat. 

Yours, 

Caleb  Rutledece. 


IN    SHORTHAND  17 

QUESTIONS.  1.  What  may  represent  the  obscure  sound 
of  a,  as  heard  iu  awoke,  arose,  Emma,  etc.  ?  2.  What  repre- 
sents the  vowel -sound  heard  in  earn,  her,  fir,  word,  etc.? 
3.  What  represents  the  vowel  sound  heard  in  chair,  fare, 
pear,  etc.  ?  4.  What  is  said  of  the  slant  of  the  slanting 
curves?  5.  How  should  Ith  and  The  be  made?  6.  Give 
two  cases  when  Ar  should  be  used  instead  of  Ray  ?  7.  What 
is  indicated  by  halving  a  stroke  ?  8.  Name  some  of  the  half 
lengths?  9.  How  may  ted  or  ded  be  represented?  10. 
When  can  Ray  and  Hay  be  halved?  11.  When  an  outline 
begins  with  a  horizontal  followed  by  a  down  stroke,  where 
should  the  horizontal  be  written?  12.  What  is  the  only  up 
stroke  in  this  lesson?  13.  When  iss  begins  an  outline,  should 
it  be  read  before  or  after  the  vowel?  14.  When  iss  ends  an 
outline,  should  it  be  read  before  or  after  the  vowel?  Before 
or  after  t  or  d  indicated  by  halving  ?  15.  When  should  iss 
and  when  should  S  be  used?  16.  With  what  motion  should 
iss  be  made?  17.  Name  the  down  strokes  in  this  lesson 
in  their  order.  18.  Name  the  up  stroke.  19.  Write  the 
phrases:  He-will,  he-has,  he-is,  of-them,  but-the,  of-his. 

2G 


18  BRIEF    COURSE 

LESSON     3. 

REVIEW,  WITH  ADDITIONAL  POINTS. 


\\ 

1      // 

^^ 

P    B    T  D     Chay  J 

K   Gay     M   Emp 

VX 

(  (    )   ) 

J  }  ">  r 

F  V     IthThe  S      Z 

Ish  Zhe     Way  Yay 

.  =  A     .  =eh 

1  —  O      i  =  iih 

N    Ing      heh     iss 

^  c 

AT  Lay      Ray  Hay 


36.  Write  Lay,  Ray  and  Hay  up.     Write   the  horizontals 
from  left  to  right.     Write  the  other  strokes  down.     Write  iss 
with  a  motion  contrary  to  that  of  the  hands  of  a  clock. 

37.  Shorten  words  by  omitting  all  silent  and  unnecessary 
letters.     Represent  a    double    letter  by  a  single  sign.     For 
instance,  write  only  one  s  in  chess,  only  one  n  in.  funny,  only 
one  fc  in  tobacco. 

38.  Write  by  sound.     Begin  case,  cJiorus,  choir  and  quire 
with  K.     Use  —  D  or—  _o  for   a-,    as   in   /  '  <-,    hoax.     Use  Zhe 
for  the  s  in  vision,  the  z  in  azure,  and  the  g  in  mirage. 

39.  Use  Hay  when  h  follows  an  initial  vowel,  as  in  ahead; 
when  there  is  a  vowel  before  and  a  vowel  after  the  next  stroke, 
as  in  halo;  before  a  half  length  if  it  makes  a  sharp  angle,  as 
in  hated.     In  other  cases,  use  heh,  up  or  down  as  is  most  con- 
venient. 

When  a  word  may  be  written  in  two  ways,  choose  that  form 
which  is  easy  to  read.  If  both  are  easy  to  read,  use  the  one 
which  is  easier  to  write. 

40.  Use  whichever  form  for  r  makes  a  good  joining.     If 
both  Ar  and  Ray  would   join  well,  use  Ar  when  the  syllable 
sounds   like  ar  ;  as  in  air,  ore,  ark,  our,  jar,  door,  tore;  but 


IN   SHORTHAND  19 

use  Ray  when  the  syllable  sounds  like  Ray,  as  in  rake,  rope, 
foray,  bureau,  dairy,  etc. 

If  the  vowel  goes  before, 

The  r  you  must  lower  ;        (Use  Ar)         Ex. 

But  a  vowel  at  the  end 

Makes  the  r  to  ascend.       (Use  Ray)     Ex.    /V   ro-ta-ry. 

41.  When   Ray   is   joined  to  another  stroke,  its  upward 
direction  distinguishes  it  from  the  downward-written  Chay. 
When  alone,  Ray   should  slant  much  more  than  Chay,  and 
therefore  need  not  extend  to  the  upper  line. 

42.  A    few  combinations  like  (**      \  lower,  ^^^  fair,  and 
^^    roar,  join  without  an  angle,  and  must  be  written  with 

a  continuous  motion,  i.  e.,  without  letting  the  pen  stop  be- 
tween the  strokes.  As  a  rule,  however,  the  sharper  the  angle 
between  two  strokes,  the  easier  it  is  to  read  the  strokes. 
Always  make  a  sharp  angle  between  Lay  and ,M  or  Emp  ; 
also  between  F  or  V  and  N  or  Ing.  Practice  the  following : 


43.  A  stroke  may  curve  more  or  less,  or  may  slant  more  or 
less,  as  is  necessary  to  make  a  sharper  angle  between  strokes. 

Ex.  ^/^  Nora,  /*|  rate,  ^v  pay  day,  \  •  peck, 
/^—  make,  l~  meadow. 

44.  Making  a  stroke  half  as  long  as  usual  adds  t  or  d.     The 
half  lengths    are   called  Pet,  Bet,  Fct,  Vet,  Thet,  Shet,  Let, 
etc.     Tet   may   be   used  for   -ted,    and   Det  for  -ded,  as  in 

^  hated, /^  raided;  but  neither  Ray  nor  Hay  should 
bo  halved  unless  it  is  joined  to  another  stroke,  or  unless  it  has 
a  hook  (to  be  learned  later  on) . 


20  BRIEF    COURSE 

45.  The   circle  iss  is  generally  used  for  s.     But  when  s  is 
the  only  consonant  by  which  the  vowel  next  to  s  can  be  placed, 
as  in  ask  or  also,  then  the  stroke  S  must  bo  us,ed. 

46.  When    iss  begins  an  outline,    it   is  read  before  every- 

Q 

thing  else  —  before  both  stroke  and  vowel.     Ex.    x\    soap, 

X_    save. 

47.  When   iss    ends  an  outline,  it  is  read  after  everything 
else  —  after  the  stroke,  after  the  vowel,  after  t  or  d  indicated 

by  halving.     Ex.  t*  days,     t*  dates,  «o  gets. 

48.  The  shorthand   outline   of   a  word  is  a  picture  of  the 
consonant   sounds   heard  in  the  word.     An  outline  must  be 
written  WITHOUT   LIFTING   THE   PEN. 

49.  It  is  not  necessary  to  move  the  hand  at  a  snail's  pace  in 
order   to   write  correctly.     When  writing  an  outline,  think  of 
the   first   stroke,    and   write   it'  both   correctly  and  quickly. 
Then  hold  the  pen  quietly  on  the  paper  until  you  have  decided 
what  the  next  stroke  should  be ;  then  make  the  second  stroke, 
like   the   first,  with   a  quick,    precise  movement.     But  if  the 
first  stroke  is  a  horizontal,  look  ahead  to  see  if  there  is  a  down 
or   an   up  stroke   in   the  word,  for  if  there  is,  the  horizontal 
must   be  written  high  or  low  as  is  required  to  make  the  first 
down  or  up  stroke  rest  on  the  line  of  writing  (the  lower  line 
of  double  ruling). 


monopoly       engaged         enough        melt      deputy]         lately 
50.  In  the  exercise  below,  omit  the  vowels  in  the  first  two 
groups,    and   write   only   the  outline  of  each  word. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 
Use    strokes    instead    of    heh    or  iss  or  halving.     So, 

essay,    Eskimo,    escape,    sew,    also,    Jessie,    Bessie,    lazy, 
tongue,    among,    length,  zany,  zenith,  bathe,  thump,  Dakota, 


IX    SHORTHAND  21 

pagoda,  picnic,  buggy,  depth,  tobacco,  chimney,  damage, 
lull,  lunch,  avenge,  foliage,  theology,  loam,  lump,  funny, 
jump,  lumbago,  chunk,  ziuo,  heavy,  honey,  awake,  headway, 
shady,  shapely,  halo,  yea,  cope,  gayety,  mouth,  monotony, 
monopoly,  ambiguity.  Use  Ar:  Four,  shore,  pour,  lower, 
oyer,  earlier,  tailor,  Rome,  alarm,  form,  rump,  remedy, 
rummage.  Use  Ray:  Dairy,  berry,  faro,  sherry,  thorough, 
uproar,  terror,  inferior,  interior,  rythm.  revenue,  revive, 
Russia. 

Use  iss.  Halve  for  t  and  d:  Shakes,  ducks,  jokes,  edges, 
efface,  stays,  snows,  suppose,  muffs,  knaves,  snuff,  fate,  let, 
shut,  notes,  debts,  votes,  beds',  coats,  spades,  skates,  saved, 
sent,  melt,  delayed,  left,  legitimate,  metal,  kept,  envied, 
methods,  lately,  cutlet. 

Insert  vowels.  Slant  hen:  Hail,  hull,  hulk,  helmet, 
hump,  Hague,  hoax,  hemp,  hoar,  hurl,  hurt,  hemmed,  hum- 
bug, hedge,  hung,  hitch. 

Write  A  and  O  by  the  first  stroke ;  eh  and  uh  by  the 
second  stroke:  Baked,  beck,  dame,  deck,  choked,  tucked, 
dome,  dumb,  wrote,  rubbed,  rogue,  rush,  lake,  luck,  pole, 
pump,  fame,  fetched,  jail,  hung,  death,  vague,  neck,  waylay. 

51.  The    tick    for    the    generally   slants    like     Chay    and 
is    called    Choid,    meaning    like  Chay.     (Oid    means  like.) 
When,    for   the  sake  of  a  sharp   angle,    the  tick    slants  like 
Ray,  call  it  Roid;    when    it    slants    like    P,    call    it   Poid. 
Ex.  V>     .for  the,..|-.-had-the. 

52.  The   horizontal  tick  for  a,   cm,  or  and  is  called  Koid, 
and  the   vertical  tick  Toid.     Use  Koid  when  it  makes  a  good 
joining.     Ex....~|-  and-had-a.   /^~- — ,  make-a. 

Make   all  ticks  as   short  as  possible  and  yet  be  distinct. 

53.  When  convenient,  a  dot  is  used  for  the  syllable  -ing, 


22  BRIEF    COURSE 

and  a   detached    slanting  tick  for  -ing-the.     Ex.      I    doing, 

I  \-  V 

I   domg-thc,     \    paying,    \  paying-the ;     but^q^  facing, 

^nfacing-the. 

54.  When    convenient,    the   wordsign    for   you   should   be 
phrased,  even  though  it  is  thrown  out  of  its  usual  position. 

55.  Of  the  may  be   omitted   and  indicated  by  writing  the 
preceding     and     following     words     very     close     together. 

Ex.  /Kdge   (of  the)  door,  /'^  shape  (of  the)  face. 

56.  In  phrasing,  the  pronoun  I  is  generally  represented  by 
one-half  of  the  wordsign  v  I.    Use  Poid,  the  downward  half,  be- 
fore an  up  stroke.    Ex.  I-will.    But  use  Roid,  the  upicard 

half,  before  a  down  stroke.  Ex.  (.  I-think,  ^/I-shall/%  I-sup- 
pose.  Observe  in  the  case  of  I-will  given  above,  that  the  / 
is  written  in  its  usual  place,  causing  will  to  be  written  higher 
than  usual.  Use.....L....for  I-have. 

WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 

57.  The  wordsign  for  on  is  written  up  when  alone. 


was    which    usual-ly    several    this    that   good    are  Feb.  on  on-the  Yours-truly 


/  <•(        (  v 

'  "V "'"  ~  i 

I-will  make  this  note  on-the  15th  (of  the)  month.    Several  (of  the)  notes  I-have 

L/7* 


Jor-you  are  of-that  date.  Which  (of  the)  checks  shall  I  mail-you  on  Feb.  17? 
I-suppose  he-wrote-you  as  usual.  It  was-a  good  show.  You-are  saving  that 
which-you  pay  for.  You-will  get-the  goods  for  which  you-wrots. 

G 


IN    SHORTHAND 


23 


WRITING  EXERCISES. 

I-think  you-will-take  up  this-case  for-him.  But  does-he 
think-you-are  so  good?  Oh,  you-are  taking-the  goods 
to-him  too?  He-has  usually  had  several  debts  to  pay.  Shall 
I  pay-the  two  dollars  he-is  owing?  Will-you  be  on  deck? 


BUSINESS   LETTER. 


Ladies:  I-have-yours  (of  the)  5th,  saying  that-the  case  of 
goods  for  which  I  wrote-you  on  Feb.  28  was  sent  on-the  fourth, 
and-I  expect  it  Monday.  I-suppose  I-shall-have  several*  (of 
the)  capes  left,  and-will  save  them  for-you  as  usual.  I-will 
mail-you-a  check  for  $12.00  on-the  14th  (of  the)  month. 
Yours-truly, 

QUESTIONS.  1.  Name  the  up  strokes;  the  horizontals ; 
the  down  strokes.  2.  With  what  motion  is  iss  written? 
3.  What  letters  may  be  omitted?  4.  How  is  a  double  letter 
represented?  5.  Why  do  you  use  Hay  in  heavy  instead  of 
heh?  6.  Why  do  you  use  heh  instead  of  Hay  in  hem?  7.  In 
a  word  of  two  strokes,  how  can  you  tell  Ray  from  Chay? 


24  BRIEF    COURSE 

8.  How  arc  they  distinguished  when  alone  ?  9.  Do  you  make 
an  angle  between  Lay  and  Ar  in  lower?  Between  Lay  and 
Emp  in  lump?  10.  For  what  purpose  may  the  curve  or  slant 
of  a  stroke  be  increased  or  diminished?  11.  What  is  the 
effect  of  halving  a  stroke  ?  12.  Name  some  of  the  half-lengths. 
13.  When  may  Ray  and  Hay  be  halved?  14.  If  iss  begins 
an  outline,  when  is  it  read?  15.  If  iss  ends  an  outline,  when 
is  it  read  ?  16.  Where  do  you  begin  to  write  the  outline  of  cup? 
Of  engaged?  17.  In  what  directions  may  the  be  written? 
A,  an,  or  and?  18.  How  may  of  the  be  indicated ?  19.  In 
what  two  ways  may  -ing  be  written ?  -ing-the?  20.  Explain 
how  /is  phrased.  21.  In  what  direction  should  on  be  written? 
22.  Name  the  words  represented  by  the  following  wordsigns: 

I       I  V  O   O  (  /      /I       I 

L 


o  o 


J      / n !  l.._.\  .AN ....I 

23.  Give  the  words  represented  by  the  following  wordsigns : 
T,  B,  F,  Ith,  The,  Ish,  Yay,  Lay,  Z,  Chay,  Zhe,  iss-V,  Get, 
Ar  or  Ray.  24.  Write  the  wordsigns :  Shall,  will,  of,  but, 
have,  your,  think,  for,  them,  has,  be,  his,  as,  is,  was,  do, 
which,  to,  but,  usual,  two,  that,  several,  dollar,  on,  good, 
this,  had,  usually,  too,  he,  I,  you,  him,  own,  home,  away, 
take.  G 


IN    SHORTHAND  25 

LESSON     4. 

VOWELS  AND  POSITION. 

58.  Vowels  written  by  the  beginning  of  a  stroke  are  called 
first-place  vowels.     Ex.Jf. my. 

59.  Vowels    written    by  the  middle  of  a   stroke  are  called 
second-place  vowels.     Ex.      i     Oak. 

60.  Vowels  written  by  the  end  of  a  stroke  are  called  third- 
place  vowels.     Ex.       \juse. 

n/ 

61.  Second  position  is  on  the  line  of  writing,  the  same  as 
longhand.      Ex.  /^X.  love,       */  cage,  ,^-^J^  nmong. 

62.  First-position    is    higher    than     second    position ;    as 

.  V 

— 1 buy. 

63.  Third-position    is    lower    than    second     position,     as 
— V...use. 

IV 

64.  As  a  rule,  if  the  vowel  in  a  word  is  first-place,  the  out- 
line is  written  in  first  position  ;  if  the  vowel  is  second-place, 
the  outline  is   put  in   second  position ;  if  the  vowel  is  third- 
place,  the  outline  is  written  in  third  position. 

65.  A,  O,  eh,  and  uh  are  the  second-place  vowels,  written 
by  the  middle  of  a  stroke.     They  were  given  first  because  the 
second  position  is  the  natural  position,  on  the  line  of  writing, 
the  same  as  longhand. 

FIRST-PLACE  VOWELS. 

• i v 

=  E  =  Aw  =1 


Lee,  bee,  heated  talk,  wrought  sky,  rye 

Q 


26 

66.  Since  first-place  vowels  are  written  by  the  beginning 
of  a  stroke,  they  must  be  placed  by  the  bottom  of  the  up 
strokes,  Lay,  Ray  and  Hay.  See  Lee,  heated,  and  wrought 
given  above. 

EXERCISE    4. 

Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 


f_ f -S: T- 

^ '/       ^     ') 

*       *. v      i  v          "--  ~**LJ  v  \Q  \O 

tfiz:  :rt:z 


\ % £•' "( 


67.  Examine  j-our  work  carefully  to  see  if  every  vowel  is 
exactly  by  the  beginning  of  the  stroke,  if  every  dash  vowel  is 
at  right  angles  to  the  stroke,  and  if  each  outline  is  exactly  the 
right  distance  above  the  line  of  writing  —  half  a  stroke  above 
unless  the  outline  is  purely  horizontal ;  then  a  stroke  above. 
If  you  find  errors  in  your  work,  copy  the  lines  again  more 
carefully  ;  then  read  them  from  your  notes.  READ  EVERY- 
THING YOU  WRITE. 

• I A 

±JL_  _=_& _=0i 


A 

rip,     giddy  got,       hot  coil,      ahoy 

68.  The  names  of  these  signs  are  their  sounds,  i,  o,  and  Oi, 
as  heard  in  if,  odd  and  oil. 


IN   SHORTHAND  27 

EXERCISE     5. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 


1 


\ 


£  £  ~  v 


-A 


r-A 


69.  When  occurring  between  two  strokes,  first-place  vowels 
are   always   written  'by  the   first    stroke.     See    Exercise  5, 
lines  2  and  4. 

70.  When  convenient,  I  and  Oi  may  be  joined  to  the  follow- 

T-  .         /~ 

ing  stroke,  as  in  ...............  idea,  ...............  .;  .......  oily. 

71.  A  word  containing  two  or  more  vowels  should  be  writ- 
ten in  the  position  indicated  by  its  most  important  or  dis- 
tinguishing vowel.     This  is  generally  the  accented  vowel. 

72.  Unimportant   unaccented  vowels,  also  the  vowel  in  the 
name  of  a  stroke,  will  often  be   omitted  in  future  shorthand 
exercises.     Thus,  unaccented  i  maybe  omitted  in.  -^estimate 
and  e  in  v^  delay.     See  line  2  in  Exercise  6. 

VOWELS  PLACED  BY  K. 


I  I  V  A 

E  Aw  i  o  I  Oi 

WRITE  TEN  TIMES. 


Lee  saw  Jim  rob  my  boy 


28 


BRIKF    COURSE 


EXERCISE  6. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 


\A  V\  vp  V\-  f 

.......  I  ..........  ^  .............  7J  ..... 


r 


H; 
v 


73.  It  13  always  the  first  down  or  up  stroke  in  an  outline 
that   is    put   in    position,   the    other    strokes    accommodating 
themselves  to  this  stroke. 

74.  In    a    first-position  outline,    the    first    down    or  up 
stroke  should  be  half  a  stroke  above  the  line  ;  but  a  purely 
horizontal  outline  should  be  a  stroke  above  the  line. 

75.  If  double  rulings  are  used  — 

Write  horizontals  and  half  lengths  under  the  upper  line 
and  touching  it. 

Write  other  strokes  through  the  upper  line,  half  above  and 
half  below  it. 


IN   SHORTHAND  29 

76.  In   an  outline    beginning  with   heh  or   iss,    place  the 
vowel  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  stroke,  and   on  the  same 
side  of  the  stroke  as  if  there  were  no  brief  sign  there. 

_• -p _m  /:. x  /: _. 

I  »p,  (          v  vp 

eat          seat          seated         awl         haul  since  cited 

V 
WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Use  strokes  for  s,  h,  t  and  d.     Use  Ray  for  r: 

See,  shy,  sigh,  pshaw,  saw,  thee,  ease,  vie,  coy,  odd,  imp, 
eyed,  joy,  thy,  thigh,  right,  deem,  daub,  rob,  rock,  if,  easy, 
haughty,  nip,  gaudy,  king,  gong,  wrong. 

Use  the  brief   signs  iss   and  heh.     Halve  for  t  and  d: 

Sing,  song,  sin,  since,  hock,  hymn,  sheet,  light,  knot,  might, 

feats,  lot,  hill,  Hoyle,  spit,  spot,  sob,  sieve,  sift,  Scott,  sky, 

seek,    sick,    locks,    licks,    mix,  knits,    nibs,    moths,  sniffs, 

siege,  chips,  fibs,  folly,  volley,  lily. 

77.  The  first  word  of  a  phrase  is  generally  written  in  its 
proper  position,     and      the  other  words  follow  without  regard 

to  position.     Ex. I-will-have,    in-case.      But 

when  a,  an,  or  and  begins  a  phrase,  it  takes  the  position  of 

1 

the  following  word.     Ex.  and-is,....    _Q  nncl-ns, '  a-dollar, 

.../"7~a-lack 


78.  //  is   often  omitted   in  words    of  frequent  occurrence. 

v 


Ex.  .ihere, .1.  why,  „„..._    high,     \  happy 


30  BUIKF    COURSE 

BUSINESS   LETTER. 


Citizens'  Lodge : 

I-have-yours  (of  the)  4th,  in-which-you  eay  you-will-take- 
a  page  in  February  Home  Monthly.  In-case  you  do-this  each 
month,  I-shall-make  a-dozen  page  talks  to-many-a  head  (of 
the)  office-and  (of  the)  home  which  no  agents  of-yours  have 
reached. 

You  say  your  Lodge  is  forging  ahead  as  usual.  I-think-the 
cause  of-this  is  easily  seen  in-your  choice  of  good  business 
methods. 

If-you-have    several     cuts     (of  the)     Lodge,   let  me  have- 

them  by-early -mail. 

Yours-truly, 

QUESTIONS:  1.  Where  are  first-place  vowels  written? 
Second-place?  Third-place?  2.  When  is  an  outline  written 
in  first  position  ?  When  in  second  position  ?  When  in  third 
position?  3.  Where  is  second  position ?  Where  is  first  posi- 


IN   SHORTHAND  31 

tion  ?  Where  is  third  position  ?  4.  Where  should  a  first-place 
vowel  be  written  if  the  stroke  is  horizontal?  If  it  is  an  up 
stroke?  If  a  down  stroke?  5.  When  a  first-place  vowel 
comes  between  two  strokes,  by  which  stroke  is  it  written? 
6.  What  vowel  signs  may  be  joined  to  a  stroke?  7.  If  a 
word  contains  two  or  more  vowels,  which  vowel  decides  the 
position  of  the  word?  8.  What  is  said  of  unimportant 
unaccented  vowels?  9.  Which  stroke  in  an  outline  is  put  in 
position?  10.  Where  do  you  place  the  horizontal  in  notch? 
In  mile?  11.  Where  should  a  first-position  horizontal  be 
written?  12.  Where  should  a  first-position  down  or  up  stroke 
be  written  if  full  length?  If  half  length?  13.  In  an  outline 
beginning  with  heh  or  iss,  where  is  a  first-place  vowel  written? 

14.  Which  word  in  a  phrase  is  generally  written  in  position? 

15.  What   words   take   the  position    of   the  following  word? 

16.  What  consonant  is  often  omitted,  and  when? 


32  BEIEF  COURSE 


LESSON     5. 

BRIEF  SIGNS. 

/              o              O              0  0  en  un 

heh         iss         sez  steh  ster  well     wuh  yeh     yuh 

h             a        ses,  zes        st  str  w          w  y         y 
zez,  etc.        zd 


z o  i  /-p 

.Q-LCL. v tr^...x L_ _// :b r/_..x 


WRITE  TEN  TIMES. 

•L± 

Hicks' success  dazed  Hester.    Wait-a  week  and-you-will  hear  Yatesy  ell. 

79.  Sez  never  represents  double  s.     It  represents  a  syllable 
like  sez  or  ses,  zes  or  zez,  and  sometimes,  sis,  sus,  zaus,  etc. 

)v 

..Vo.. 

faces     recess      noises      possess      emphasis     system     suspire 

80.  When  desired,  a  vowel  may  be  placed  within  sez. 

-f  «-         ^\ 

Ex. ! exhaust, season, V®..  emphasize. 

81.  Like  iss,  any  brief  sign  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline  is 

read     before     everything    else.      Ex.    J. sit,      '/   stage, 

wink.     When  at  the  end  of  an  outline,  the  brief  sign  is 

read  after  everything  else.     Ex.  Q  cases, L  didst. 

* 

82.  Iss  may  be  combined  with  any  of  the  brief  signs. 

Ex.  V)     possesses,      a^    vests,    ^\    roasters,    'I  sweat. 

83.  Words  beginning  with  wh  are  pronounced  as  if  spelled 

hw.     P^x.  •]     wet,     -f    (hwet)  whet. 


G  B 


IN   SHORTHAND  33 

_.....' _\T .^C A .\> 5" \  ....Ir.x ?l ^?..      \    6....-X 

That  boaster    boasts  he-had-the  best  toaster  to  toast.     Wade  raised  his  wages. 
Webster   weeded-the   roses   for    his   sick  wife.     Dexter   is    too  young  to   wed. 

.../ \ -o I v  • .^TT^... x ....(/.. I !l~ .To. x. 

He    suspects   it    :     Rochester's    system.     Yale  said    Yeddo    is   Yodo's   home. 

I  &  I  *  V  "  I "  V** 

Is     it       unjust         to     resist    his    successes?     Dix   fixed   six     of    Dick's   boxes. 

T  *1        "1     *      *i     \ 

/ J^ L ^ f X J 1  ^'..x 

He    swept-the     sidewalk     for-the     Swede.     Whip,     whet,    whit,    whiff,    whey 

EXERCISE  7. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  notes. 

O 

2    X     V     -(=     -^ 

3  I-  ^_         ^f 

• 

\s          VX  J  ^          : — "1-         t — A—  »v 

4  ^  \o 

/ 

6^?       »        — i    •    - 


-1        /. 


6  r 


8        G 


o  '  Q 


34  BRIEF    COURSE 

84.  It  is  very  important  that  iss,  sez,  steh  and  ster  should  be 
made  with  a  motion  contrary  to  that  of  the  hands  of  a  clock. 

85.  Make  iss  as  small  as  possible  and  yet  be  distinct.     Make 
sez  round  and  much  larger  than  iss. 

86.  Make  steh  as  narrow  as  possible,  and  about  half  the 
length  of  the  stroke.     Make  ster  two=thirds  as  long  as  the 
stroke.     Make   steh,  ster,  sez   and   iss  as  unlike  as  possible. 

Practice  b b. I D until  you  can  make  the  circles 

and  loops  exactly  right  and  yet  keep  each  stroke  straight  from 
beginning  to  end.  Make  the  stroke  quickly,  letting  it  reach 
the  line,  then  finish  the  circle  or  loop  with  care. 

87.  Weh,    wuh,  yeh  and  yuh   are  elongated    semicircles. 
Make  them  very  small,  so  that  they  cannot  be  mistaken  for 
half  lengths.     Use  the  semicircle  which  is  easier,  provided  it 
makes  a  distinct  angle  with  the  following  stroke. 

WHITING  EXERCISE. 

Vases,  vest,  invests,  investor,  investors,  raised,  roasts, 
roaster,  roasters,  just,  jests,  jesters,  rests,  chests,  heal, 
hump,  noise,  noises,  noised,  Nestor,  fist,  fists,  revised, 
fosters,  kiss,  kisses,  kissed,  roster,  huckster,  hucksters,  test, 
tester,  tests,  testers,  dazed,  mixed,  rejoiced,  sickness,  incense, 
suppose,  supposes,  supposed,  suffice,  suffices,  sufficed,  bust," 
locusts,  honest,  rocks,  fox,  foxes,  boxed,  wrist,  text,  texts, 
debased,  insist,  insisted,  incessant,  opposes,  successive, 
resists,  emphasizes,  excessive,  web,  wake,  weighed,  waded, 
wives,  withes,  wig,  weeks,  walks,  wing,  wink,  wings,  winks, 
witness,  witnesses,  witnessed,  yelp,  yawl,  yelk,  yon,  yen, 
youngster,  youngsters. 

88.  Weh  is  prefixed  to  four  strokes,  Lay,  M.  N  and  Ray, 

without^  an.  angle,  thus :        C     <z — N    <^_/     c^     Ex.      0 
well,....._ wall,   <^-L-     won,     c^  wore.    When  these  strokes 


IN    SHORTHAND  35 

have  this  w-hook,  they  are  called  weL,  weM,  weN  and  weR, 
the  e  representing  any  vowel  that  may  intervene. 

89.  WeL,  weM,  weN,  and  weR  may  also  be  used  for  whel, 
whem,  when  and  wher. 
' 


...  ....................       ...  ......... 

wheel  while  whim  whine  where  whereas 

90.  Iss  (made  like  u  tiny  loop)  may  be  written  within  the 

w-hook. 

v 
Ex.  &^....  swear,  ...................  swine. 


t, / ^:..<^L^ c*:.'......  (/ r x i •...  i 

Well,   he     wore     one   where-he   worked  Wednesday.    While  here    will-you   fix 

my     wheel?     Will    waked    up    to    see   Waldo     walk.     Where   will    Welch    go'i 
<0         .S~    X     I    O     yf     V^"  I        O  "^  ,  X 

c^z... 6 1 6/..A .S  ......... <^-Ls... X _  b -V-  •  o  n... 

Where  is-the  whale?     It  is  worth  while  to  see  one.     Does  his  whim    vex  you? 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

While,  weal,  wall,  war,  whim,  wine,  ween,  win,  wire,  wired, 
weary,  ween,  one,  won,  wane,  whine,  wear,  where,  wore, 
worse,  worst,  worth,  work,  word,  wealth,  whale,  no-one, 
whereby,  Edwin,  window,  words. 

WORDSIGNS,  UNVOCALIZED  OUTLINES,  AND  PHRASES. 


... c _  o. 

we  were  first  next          received         &  Co. 

with 

Write  sentences  and  letter  twenty  times. 

C  X         c  C  2 O 

c n  .  /- — ^  .  ._- <• ....  n c  ...         s" — x  ...\ x 

I 

Were  you   with   him?    We  know  you   were  with  him  two  weeks, 

G 


36  BRIEF    COURSE 

BUSINESS   LETTER. 


H,  V_u_      ^-    LD  (  ^7^- 

C  I     L     \  /    "H".        f  \ 

_.  /i         o         /     ov    \n I      x      v-i^ — x  \ 

S , :. _.>-.,  r  \ 


f 


Walsh,  Yates,  Hall  &-Co., 

Waco,  Texas. 

Your  wire  of  Feb.  27  received,  and-the  Yale  wheel  which-you 
chose  was  sent  to-you  on  Wednesday.  I-think-you-may  ex- 
pect it  by-the  first  of  next  week. 

Yours-truly, 

Webster  Worth. 

QUESTIONS.  1.  Give  the  names  of  the  circles,  the  loops 
and  the  semicircles.  2.  Does  sez  represent  double  s?  What 
does  it  represent?  3.  If  a  brief  sign  begins  an  outline,  when  is 
it  read?  4.  If  a  brief  sign  ends  an  outline,  when  is  it  read? 
5.  What  may  be  combined  with  any  other  brief  sign?  6.  In 
whip  and  other  words  beginning  with  w/i,  which  consonant 
sound  comes  first?  7.  With  what  motion  should  the  circles 
and  loops  be  made?  8.  How  should  iss  and  sez  be  made? 
9.  What  is  said  of  the  width  and  length  of  steh?  10.  What 
should  be  the  length  of  ster?  11.  What  is  said  of  weh,  wuh, 
yeh  and  yuh?  12.  With  what  four  strokes  is  weh  combined 
without  an  angle?  13.  Name  the  four  w-hooked  strokes. 
14.  Write  weL,  whel,  weM,  whem,  weN,  etc.  15.  How  is 
iss  made  when  written  within  the  w-hook  ? 


IN    SHORTHAND 


37 


LESSON     6. 

THIRD-PLACE  VOWELS. 

91.  Third-place   vowels  are   those  by  the  end  of  a  stroke. 

92.  A   heavy  dot   by  the  end   of  a  stroke  represents  a,  as 
heard  in  arm  or  father.     Ex..V_...palm,....^/.*....ha,.... .T^^irm. 

93.  A  third -place  heavy  dash  represents  the  sound  of  oo, 
as  heard  in \  ooze, .r^ZX....move. A rude. 

94.*Un     represents  the   sound   of  the  diphthong  heard  in 
\juse,  while    <   represents    that    heard    in    ...V pews  or 

n*  \f 

in   J?i..hues.     When     convenient,    these    may    be    joined. 


Ex.          •Nv-n    nephew, ......cue. 

95.  If  the  vowel  in  a  word  is  third-place,  the  outline  is 
written  in  third  position,  under  or  through  the  line  of  writing : 
Horizontals  under  the  line,  as  in  ......— ..noose.  Other  strokes, 

through    the    line.       Ex .SJ hark, 

•^ — 

\»  "v  //  Nr™"/«^"x/ 

Pa  moved-the  lute.     Archie  fed-the  poor  mule.     Art  used-the  spool. 

EXERCISE  8. 

Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 
1. 

2. 

3 

N 

4 \ \ \ 

n/  n/  \< 


*  Mr.  Graham  distinguished  between  the  sound  of  winwseand  of  ew  in  pew 
or  u  in  cube.  Many  ignore  one  sign,  some  preferring  U  because  more  easily 
joined;  others  use  the  caret.  Do  not  hesitate  to  use  <  where  wo  use  n. 


38  BRIEF    COURSE 

5 9L I f / ZZI> 

\  L  \  o  ^          —  i          •      1 

/  N.         ••  us 

6 < i ^    y^ \^y 

96.  A    third-place    light    dot   represents   a,    as    heard   in 
...I.  add, ...wax. 

97.  A  third-place  light  dash  represents  the  sound  of  06,  as 
heard  in  ..^zr!...look,....v....put. 

98.  Ow  A  represents  the    sound   of  ow   or  ou,  as  heard  in 

A 

/^;  owl,     .T^Ny.our. 

f  A\ 

99.  When    convenient,    Ow  may    be   joined    to    a   stroke. 
Ex. (! thou..     In  the  wordsign  v_^  now,  Ow  is  joined  with- 
out an  angle. 

Pat  took-the  cow.     Al  put  up  our  caps.     Fannie  wound-the  wool. 

EXERCISE  9. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 

"/]      b=v -f^—/^-- -( 

\_ 

3V  V  /  \  /I 

"^ y t S < t r 

A/                                            A\              Al                   M 
4.._ \  ^ \^/ ; ^ .\.«'P. x^.. 


SHORTHAND 
liESUME. 


39 


Ah  Oo  a  oo  Ow  U      Ew 

i 

'  A  i~ 

Archie  Moody        sang,       Look  out         Hugh. 

100.  Memorize   the   third-place   vowel   sentence,    "Archie 
Moody  sang,  Look    out  Hugh,"  so  that  }*ou  will  never  forget 
it.     Write  it  in  shorthand  many  times. 

101.  Read  and  write  the  following  sentences  as  in  previous 
lessons : 

..^..l^....^ 

Ma    was     soon      calm.     Poor    Aunt    Martha    sadly    took-the    vow    anew.     He 

T 

had    moved-the   shack  to-the   far   side  (of  the)   farm.     Ruth   took    two     sacks 
of-them    to-the    house.     Pat   laughed    loudly    as-he      put    on-hia    new    boots. 

/ ) : v^--| « ^ k f -^  o .X°- 

£3  ^  1 

Jack     was     badly  duped.     Anne    heard-the    sad    news     of -his     abuse   Tuesday. 

EXERCISE  10. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 

1       -^x          ^v  Q-A          —7  3^       ^^A 

>o X? 5° AC 7 'fx> \> 

4L&*jut^t*+ 

3 )        ...|...> \          ...\  \ 

{S  \S  \.  V 

.1"  -I 

4 \    V ."i 


40  BRIEF    COURSE 

102.  Third-place   vowels   between   two  strokes  are  always 
written   by  the   second  stroke,  before  it,  in  the  same  order  as 
in  the  longhand  word. 

103.  CAUTION  1.  Remember  that  dash  vowels  are  always 
written  slanting   by   slanting   strokes  (at  right  angles  to  the 
stroke)  ;  never  slanting  by  other  strokes. 

104.  CAUTION  2.  Be  careful  to  write  third-place  vowels  by 
the  top  of  Ray,  Hay  and  Lay. 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

At,  out,  pooh,  Zoo,  cow,  cue,  art,  heart,  aunt,  aunts,  ants, 
woo,  bow,  bowed,  vowed,  feud,  mute,  back,  backs,  pouch, 
soon,  paths,  pull,  due,  south,  soothe,  owl,  cowl,  bush,  rout, 
rang,  root,  rag,  lack,  lacks,  lax,  pack,  tacks,  tax,  taxes, 
taxed,  wax,  waxes,  fast,  faster,  vast,  vaster,  fasts,  casts, 
castors,  hack,  hacked,  put,  puts,  doubts,  gnats,  jute,  hoot, 
wound,  rouge,  used,  vamp,  wool,  wood,  pastors,  soot,  Sue. 

WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES, 
time  given  wish  to-be  may-be  gentlemen  should  any  now  new 

_  3 „ XV    

what         would         when         should-be         we-will         we-are 

we'll  we're 

Speed  sentences : 


v_^v  f_  ^ \ 

V 

Now,     gentlemen,     your     wish    to-be   given   notice   of     any 


IN   SHORTHAND 


41 


2   ^  A-,'.     ^ 

\ 

meeting  may-be  and  should-be  respected.    We-will-do  what  you 

X  Q — '     *\,  * 

would  wish.     We-are  on  time.      When  are-you  going  ? 

105.  Write   the   following  letter,  reading  it  each  time  you 
write  it,  until  you  can  write  it  correctly  in  three  minutes. 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 
I          V -Q^-x^-./E      L 

T    r      \ 
-o^..-\ k....._....-,\4:..,.. 

I     V       .   '"  -^      x 

- JX. ..^L^I. X... 

~  -\ 

[S. \ L—L. 

\v 

-j v 


Dennis  Basset  &-Sons, 

Rosebud,  S.  D. 
Gentlemen : 

I-have-yours  (of  the)  8th,  and-note  that-you-are  soon  to-be 
in-the-market  for  heating  apparatus.  I  mail-you  my  catalog, 
giving  several  boiler  designs,  and-you-may  write  me  any  time 
for  data  not  given  in-the  catalog. 

Now,    my   new    "Rosebud"  boiler  is  cheap,  but  will  give 


42  BRIEF    COURSE 

good     service    if-the   boiler-and    pipes    are   put   in    aa    they 
should -be. 

Awaiting  your  answer,  I-am- 

Yours-truly, 

QUESTIONS  :  1.  By  which  part  of  a  stroke  is  a  third-place 
vowel  written?  2.  What  strokes  are  written  under  the  line 
when  in  third  position?  3.  What  strokes  are  written  through  the 
line  when  in  third  position?  4.  What  is  represented . by  a 
third-place  heavy  dot?  By  a  third-place  light  dot?  By  a 
third-place  heavy  dash?  By  a  third-place  light  dash? 
5.  What  is  represented  by  Ow?  By  U?  6.  What  vowel 
signs  may  be  joined  to  a  stroke?  7.  Give  the  sentence  con- 
taining the  third-place  vowel  sounds  in  their  order.  8.  Name 
the  third-place  vowel  sounds  forwards  and  then  backwards. 
9.  Name  the  vowel  sounds  in  the  following  order:  The 
third-place  light  dot,  the  third-place  heavy  dot,  the  third-place 
heavy  dash,  the  third-place  light  dash.  10.  When  a  third- 
place  vowel  comes  between  two  strokes,  is  it  written  by  the 
first  or  by  the  second  stroke?  Before  or  after  it  ?  11.  What 
strokes  take  third-place  vowels  at  the  top  of  the  stroke?  12. 
How  are  dash  vowels  written  by  a  stroke?  13.  Name  the 
first-place  vowels.  The  second-place  vowels.  The  third-place 
vowels.  14.  Name  the  first,  second,  and  third-place  heavy 
dots.  The  first,  second,  and  third-place  light  dots.  15.  Name 
the  first,  second,  and  third-place  heavy  dashes.  The  first, 
second,  and  third-place  light  dashes.  16.  Write  the  diphthoings 
I,  Oi,  Ow,  U.  17.  Write  the  wordsigns  :  To-be,  may-be, 
now,  any,  gentlemen,  should,  wish,  give,  given,  time,  new. 


IX   SHORTHAND 


43 


LESSON     7. 

REVIEW   AND  ADDITIONAL  POINTS. 
VOWELS. 


First-place  : 

Lt 
E* 

>ng                 Short                Diphthongs 
"  Aw           I   '\~  5                 I.    V|A    Oi 

Second-place  : 

A« 

-   0           ch.j-nh 

Third  -place  : 

C  7A 

Ah. 

A 

.  Oo           a  ._  oo              OwA 

-s       \ 

v  .    x        F,       A  w      T         n 

n<U,  Ew 

I     Oi 

i 
>    Ow    U 

\x 

—  .    .  /\    x              A       O     eh     ill 

-}l'-^\  

/d     .^  ..x.    Ah     Oo     a      oc 

/                                            ^"^    ^ 

10G.  Repeat  each,    sentence,  then   give   the  vowel  sounds; 
thus,  Lee  saw  Jim  rob  my  boy  —  E,     A\v     i     o     I     Oi. 

107.  Memorize   these    sentences  and  vowel  sounds  so  well 
that  3'ou  can  rapidly  name  from  memory  all  the  vowel  sounds 
in  the  order  given  in  the  sentences. 

108.  Think  of  the  diagram  above  and  name  the  sounds  repre- 
sented by  tho  heavy  dots  (E,  A,  All)  ;   by  the  light  dots  ;  the 
heavy  dashes  ;  the  light  dashes  ;  the  diphthongs.     Spend  two 
minutes  each  day  during  your  entire  course,  reviewing  the 
vowels  with  an  unlettered  diagram,  naming  them  in  order  and 
skipping  about. 

109.  When  convenient,  I,  Oi,  Ow,  and  U  m:iy  be  joined  to 
the  stroke. 

110.  RULE  1.     When  between  two  strokes,  A,  0,  and  all 
first=place  vowels  are  written  by  the  first  stroke  ;  eh,  uh,  and 
all  third=place  vowels  are  written  by  the  second  stroke. 


44  BRIEF    COURSE 

111.  This  rule  does  not  apply  when  a  vowel  comes  between 
a  stroke  and  a  brief  sign,  but  only  when  it  comes  between  two 

strokes.     Thus,  in.jv fasten,  a  does  not  come  between  two 

strokes,  but  between  F  and  iss.     It  cannot  be  placed  by  iss, 
and  therefore  must  be  written  by  F. 

112.  Strokes   have  three  positions,  corresponding  with  the 
three  vowel  places : 

First  position  —  A  stroke  above  the  line  of  writing  for  hori- 
zontals; half  a  stroke  above  for  other  strokes.     On  double 
lined  paper,  place  first-position  horizontals  and  half=lengths 
under  the  upper  line,  touching  it ;   other  strokes,  through  the 
upper  line,  half  above  and  half  below  it. 

Second  position  —  On  the  line  of  writing. 

Third  position  —  Under  the  line  of  writing  for  horizontals; 
through  the  line,  half  above  and  half  below  it,  for  other 
strokes. 

113.  It  is  always  the  first  down  or  the  first  up  stroke  in  an 
outline    that   is    put   in  position.     If  there  is  no  down  or  up 
stroke,  then  the  horizontals  are  put  in  position. 

114.  The  object  of  position  is  to  enable  the  writer  to  indi- 
cate   vowels    without   writing  them,  thus  saving  his  time  and 
increasing  his  speed ;  but  unless  he  is  perfectly  familiar  with 
the  vowels,  he  cannot  quickly  place  words  in  proper  position. 
Certain  conflicting  words  should  always  be  vocalized ;    as,  O-^N 
same,  to  distinguish  it  from  some,  which  has  the  same  outline 
and  the  same  position.     Initial  vowels  generally  help   most 
in  reading  words,  and  should  be  freely  used. 

115.  The  very  fact  that  vowels  are  generally  omitted,  makes 
it  all  the  more  necessary  that  they  should  be  made  as  familiar 
as   the   multiplication    table,  in  order  that  when  needed  they 
may  be   inserted  very  quickly.     Three   classes   of   words  — 
conflicting  words,  proper  names  and  unusual  words  —  should 


IN    SHORTHAND  45 

generally  be  vocalized.  No  one  need  expect'much  success  as 
a  shorthand  writer  who  has  not  perfectly  mastered  the  vowels. 
A  word  which  is  always  vocalized  need  not  be  put  in  position. 

116.  A    derivative   is  usually  written  in  the  position  of  its 
primitive.     Ex calm, ^  calmly. 

117.  Except  derivatives,  words  of   many   consonants  are 
generally  written  without  position,  i.  e. ,  on  the  line,  the  same 
as  second  position.     For  instance,  almost  all  outlines  of  three 
or  more  strokes,  and  many  outlines  consisting  of  a  brief  sign 
and  only  two  strokes,  can  be  written  without  position,  because 
the  consonant  outline  is  such  a  plain  picture  of  the  word  that 
it    can    be    instantly   read    without   t'.ie    aid    of    vowels    or 
position. 

118.  Put  all   short  outlines  in  position  except  those  given 
without  position  iu  the  reading  exercises. 

BRIEF  SIGNS. 

/       o      O       <^  dun  C3  C  c—s  <^s  <^ 

heh     i.33     sez  steh  ster    yeh,  yuh  weh,  v/uh  weL  weM  weN  weR 

h      s     zez  st  str          y  w  wl  win  wn  wr 

etc.  -/A  whl  whin  whn  whr 

119.  A    brief    sign    at   the   beginning  of  an  outline  is  read 
before  everything  else.     Iss  may  be  combined  with  any  other 

brief  sign.     Ex.   1    sweat,    e^  swear,...  ;> ...  , .  he-has  swooned. 

^s 

120.  A   brief   sign   at  the  end  of  an  outline  is  read  after 
everything  else;  hence,  after  the  t  or  d  indicated  by  halving. 
Ex.    fe  debts,  ^  cents. 

121.  When  joined  to  a  curve,  or  when  between  two  straight 
strokes  forming  an  angle,  circles  are  written  in.  the  easiest  way, 
whether  the  motion   is  like  or  unlike  that  of  the  hands  of  a 
clock.     Therefore  — 


46  BRIEF    COL'USE 

122.  RULE  2.     Circles  are  written  on  the  inside  of  a  curve, 
but  on  the  outside  of  the  angle  between  two  straight  strokes. 

123.  RULE  3.     Loops  are  also  written  on  the  inside  ol!  .1 
curve,  but  between  strokes  they  are  generally  joined  to  the  first 
stroke,  the  same  as  if  there  were  no  other  stroke.     A  loop  is 
never  formed  by  the  crossing  of  two  strokes  as  the  circles  arc. 

124.  RULE  4.     In  all  other  cases,  write  iss,  sez,  steh,  and 
ster,  with  a  motion  contrary  to  that  of  the  hands  of  a  clock. 

'  CT  -  X 


....^^^... 

s' 

Sam  sent  some  saucers    to  Mrs.  Mason.     Jessup  put-the  exercises  in-the   desk. 

125.  Iss  represents  initial  s,  but  not  initial  z.     In  zeal  and 
other  words  beginning  with  z,  use  the  stroke  Z. 

120.  Sez   docs   not  represent  double    s.     Sez   represents  a 
syllable  like  sez  or  ses,  zez  or  zes,  sis,  zaus,  size,  etc. 


Ex.  ...........  exhausted,  .........  ^..scissors,  ..................  Cicero. 

127.  Steh  represents  st  or  zd;  but  if  the  word  ends  in  ts  or 

dz,  halve  for  t  or  d  and  add  iss.     Ex.  .................  missed,  ............  mitts. 

Write:  Lights,  lost,  lots,  buds,  buzzed,  beast,  beats, 
fates,  faced,  amazed,  mates,  lets,  lest,  beads,  least,  nets, 
nest,  beds,  best,  dazed,  dates,  knot.*,  sneezed,  fist,  fights, 
refused,  refutes,  debased,  debates,  vest,  voiced,  revised, 
rebates,  zest,  mast,  mats,  loots,  loosed,  routs,  roused. 

128.  Students    who   have  trouble  in  distinguishing  between 
third-place   Ah    and  first-place  o  may  follow  the  letter  in  the 
longhand  word.     If   the  letter  is   o,  use  the  first=place  light 
dash;  if  the   letter  is  a,  use  Ah,  except  in  a  few  words  where 
tea  has   the    sound   of  wo  or  where  ya   has  the  sound  of  yo, 

'\  ^  O  j  1 

as  in  .............  swap,  ............  want,  ..........  ___  wan,  .....  ...  ________  watch,  .........  yacht. 


IN    SHORTHAND  47 

129.  Make  sez  large   and  round,  ster  long,  steh  as  narrow 
as   you   can,    and   the   other   brief  signs  as  small  as  possible 
except  that  the  sides  of  the  semicircles  are  elongated  to  make 
them  look  like  tiny  arches  and  less  like  half  lengths. 

130.  Make  the  w  hook  very  small — the  hook  line  close  to 
the  stroke  and  straight,  horizontal  in  weM  and  weN,  slanting 
in  weL  and  weR.     With  all  other  strokes,  the  semicircle  must 
make  a  distinct  angle. 

131.  Make  all  ticks  as  short  as  possible  and  yet  be  distinct. 

EXERCISE  11. 
Read,  cop}',  and  read  from  j'our  notes. 


tx 


, 

5  .     p I 5 

'^S  K  J 


•  £ ^  ...^ ±: £__/ -r 

7  r    r . 


48  BRIEF    COURSE 


WRITING  EXERCISE 

Dime,  dome,  doom,  shock,  shucks,  shook,  chips,  chaps, 
picks,  packs,  backs,  box,  tile,  vim,  wreaths,  lath,  hitch,  huge, 
limp,  lamp,  lamb,  vflightly,  little,  sheep,  king,  gong,  imp, 
moths,  couch,  Molly,  move,  thatch,  luck,  looks,  tucks,  took, 
pug,  pulled,  buck,  bush,  foot,  fudge,  five,  Tom,  zeal,  zealous, 
escape,  berates,  invites,  delayed,  copied,  enjoyed,  acted, 
mirage,  ours,  wide,  weighed,  unweighed,  yacht,  wad,  watch, 
watched,  yelped,  yield,  yielded,  wild,  walled,  wooly,  while, 
wheels,  wired,  bewitch,  bewitched,  switched,  swift,  west, 
waists,  wind,  whereat,  nowhere,  whines,  swooped,  swelled, 
swims,  wounds,  styles,  stores,  stamps,  fasts,  faster,  pastors, 
task,  besieged,  despot,  discuss,  Chesapeake,  accessory. 

Write  without  position:  Alabama,  Texas,  Minnesota, 
Nevada,  Mississippi,  Mexico,  also,  always,  picnic,  apologizes, 
emphasized,  chimney,  theology,  zoology,  monopoly,  monotony, 
notoriety,  zinc,  zenith,  ambiguity,  indemnify,  damages. 


IN   SHORTHAND 


49 


BUSINESS  LETTER. 


Messrs.  Wood,  Stark  &-Co. 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen  : 

Have-you  decided  to-sell  your  warehouse  as-you  suggested 
sometime  since?  Willis  Yoakum,  a-young  fellow  of  honesty 
and  wealth,  desires  to  buy  it.  He-is  in-the  South  for-a-few 
weeks,  but  he-has  written  that-he  expects  to  visit  our  city  in 
August,  and-if-you  so  desire,  I-will  see  him  at-that-time  and- 
will  no-doubt  succeed  in-the  disposal  of-your  warehouse  in-a 
way  that  will  suit-you.  Write  soon  and-let-me-know  if  I-shall 
negotiate-the  sale  (of  the)  warehouse. 

Yours-truly, 

Augustus  Wolf. 


50  BRIEF    COURSE 

QUESTION'S:  1.  Name  the  first-place  vowels.  The 
second-place.  The  third-place.  2.  Give  the  sounds  repre- 
sented by  the  heavy  dots.  By  the  light  dots.  By  the  heavy 
dashes.  By  the  light  dashes.  3.  When  between  two  strokes, 
which  vowels  are  placed  by  the  first  stroke?  Which  by  the 
second  stroke?  4.  By  which  consonant  is  the  vowel  placed  in 
dusk?  6.  Give  the  three  positions  for  a  horizontal  stroke; 
for  a  down  or  up  stroke  when  full  length ;  when  half  length. 
6.  Which  stroke  in  an  outline  is  put  in  position?  7.  What  is 
the  object  of  position?  8.  What  words  should  always  be 
vocalized?  9.  What  two  other  classes  of  words  are  usually 
vocalized?  10.  How  familiar  should  the  vowels  be,  and  why? 

11.  What    is    said    of    the    position    of    derivative    words? 

12.  What  words   are  generally  written  without  position,  and 
why?     How  many  strokes  are  there  in  such  words?     13.  When 
is   a  brief  sign  read?     14.  Give  the  rules  for  the  circles  and 
loops.     15.  How  is  initial  z  represented?     16.  What  is  repre- 
sented by  sez?     By  steh?     17.  How  are  final  ts  and  dz  repre- 
sented?    18.  What  is  said  of  the  size  and  shape  of  the  circles, 
loops,    semicircles,  and   ticks?     19.   What  is  said   of  initial 
vowels  in  Par.  1 14  ? 


IX    SHORTHAND  51 

LESSON     8. 

PHRASING,  WORDSIGNS  AND  SPECIAL  POINTS. 

132.  This  lesson  completes  what  may  be  considered  the  first 
half  of   the  theory  of  shorthand.     The  greater  portion  of  the 
foundation  principles   is  found  in  these  eight  lessons.     They 
must  be  kept  in  constant  remembrance,  and  practiced  until  they 
become  as  familiar  as  one's  a-b-c's.    Nothing  must  be  forgotten, 
but  everything  must   be  reviewed  in  one  way  or  another  each 
day  until  it   is  as   natural  and  easy  to  write  shorthand  as  to 
write  longhand. 

133.  RULE  5.  The  first  word  of  a  phrase   is  written   in  its 
usual  position,  and  the  other  words  in  a  phrase  follow  without 


regard  to  position.     Ex._          __.I-will-do,     <  „ by-that-time. 

0  J  »/ 

\s-~\ 
Exception  1.  A,  an,  or  and  always  takes  the   position  of 

the  word  to  which  it  is  joined.     Ex.  _ and-if ,.._."V...._  a-few. 

Exception  2.  A  first-position  word,  especially  if  represented 
by  a  brief  sign,  may  be  somewhat  raised  or  lowered  in  order  to 
place  the  second  word  of  a  phrase  also  in  its  usual  position. 

Ex.  ..-! we-did, ^...we-had.     The  first  word  is  still  in  first 

position,  only  not  at  its  usual  height  above  the  line. 

134.  In  phrasing,  you  may  be  represented  byyeh  whenever 
yuh  does  not  make  a  good  joining.  Iss  may  represent  us  as 
well  as  is  or  his,  as  or  has.  Emp  may  be  used  for  may-be. 

-\ 

(  -^^J        x  /"°" x  S^~\ J v"— "X  X 

They  know-you.     Let-us-know.     He-may-be  here   tomorrow. 


52  BUIEF    COURSE 

135.  In  phrasing,  the  pronoun  I  is  generally  represented  by 
one-half  of  the  sign  for  I,  Poid  or  Roid.     The  downward  tick, 
Poid,  makes  the  better  joining  with  the  up  strokes,  while  the 
upward   tick,  Roid,   makes  the  better  joining  with  the  down 

/"  , 

strokes.     Ex.  ............  I-will,....|  ...  I-do.     Before  a  few  strokes,  like 

S  and  Z,  the  full  form  of   I  should  be  used  for  the  sako  of 
legibility.     Ex.  .....  J..I-was. 

136.  In  order  to  distinguish  between  conflicting  words,  like 
sent  and  send,  Id,  md,  nd,  and  rd  are  sometimes  represented 
by  the  shaded    half    lengths,  r    Eld,    ^  Med,  ^  Ned,  and 
•>  Ard.       There  is  no  danger  of  misreading  these  half  lengths, 
because    Yay,  Emp,  Ing,  and  Way,  the  strokes  that  resemble 
them,  are  seldom  or  never  halved. 

137.  Eld   is   written   down  because  it  is  difficult  to  write  a 
shaded  stroke  up. 

Old,  send,  maid,  and  hard  must  always  be  shaded  in  order 

to  distinguish  them  from  late,  sent,  mate,  and  heart. 
o     I  v  —  1         i_  v_xi    x  ?-+i  ?-» 

\     -f  b  .................  f  b     ......    .......................  ,x  ....................  x 

Is  it  a-late  notice  or-an  old  notice?     I  sent-you.     I  send-you. 


r  x  ................  f    ^  ..............  _,       ^      c      x 

He-may-be  late.     The  old  mate  is  wealthy  and-the  maid  is  worthy. 

138.  Eld,  Med,  Ned,  and  Ard  can  never  be  used  with  a 
hook;  hence,  care  must  be  taken  to  make  weLd,  weMd,  weNd, 
and  weRd  always  light. 

139.  When  studying  the  wordsigns  in  this  lesson,  observe 
that  the  vowel  sign  Aw  is  written  in  three  direction  to  represent 
three  words   beginning   with  the  sound  of  aw  —  all,  already, 
ought.     The  first-place  light  dash  representing  o  is  written  in 
three  directions  to  denote  of,  or,  arrdjow.     Since  these  ticks  are 
written  in  first  position  and  in  the  directions  of  B,  D,  J,  P,  T, 
and   Ray,    they  may  be  called  respectively  Boid1  (Bold-one) 


IN    SHORTHAND  53 

Doid1,  Joid1,  Fold1,  Toid1,  and  Roid1.     Who  is  Joid* ;  should 
is  Roid2   or  Choid2. 

140.  The  wordsigns  for  the,  a,  an,  and  and  given  below  can 
be  used  when  the  ticks  would  not  make  a  good  joining,  or 
when  safer  than  the  ticks. 


WOItpSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 


all     already     ought     of     or     on     should     who    the     a    and 

whom  an 


work    opportunity    party    common    come    together    ago  her 
hope    kingdom 


r  ~\  v 

I-/  ........  (  .....     (  .........  4-  ..... 

had  much  thank-ed     though     those  we-were     what-would     we-will     we-are 
advertise         thousand  thus   we-would     what-we 

-ed-ment 

Speed  sentences  : 


All-the    boys    ought-to-be     already    on-the-way     to-the     store     or 

~  —  ^  D  C 


to-the   office.     We-were  happy  to  give-you  what  we-had.     We-will 

_       s  .......  —  ............  •£.*  ................  2  ...........  n    I  ............  !.. 

work  together  for-the  common  weal.     What-would  you  do  with-the 

^  *      (     c  ......."z:^2-    ^....^  tf*  ^... 

......  v  /  •• 

switch?    Though  we-were  sick  last  week,  we-are  now  well.     When 


BRIEF    COURSE 


,   ( 


would  they  come?   Thus-the  opportunity  is-a  good  one.  We-will  thank 


them    for-the  thousand   dollar.,   given-us.     Who-should  go  but  Mrs. 
NA  "\%<0)X        en5  (          _^.S* 

Boyd  and  her  t\vo  sons?    Were  you  with-the  party  that  came  an-hour- 
/ I         /  /  ,    x     .  _  ...  \...x 

"icT"          b "  /  x 

ago?     Those  advertisements  are  doing  much  good.     A  common  hope, 
EXERCISE  12. 

1  iv~ 

/ 

"si yi  — 'yr~~         v 

3 

5.  

S^*-^>  A 

i/- ~"?Tfzii*j        "pxssP '~^y^S>  ""• —       '  "jn x/**~X'   "T ~ 

G vL /. rf. 


KEY  TO  EXERCISE  12. 


1.  You-may,  you-may-go,  you-may-have,  you-may-do,  you- 
may-have-seen,  you-may-be,  j-ou-ma3r-be-sorry.  2.  He-may- 
have,  he-may-be,  he-will-do,  he-will-have,  he-was,  he-said,  he- 


IN    SHORTHAND 


55 


supposed.  3.  I4w»¥e,  I-do,  I-think,  I-will,  I-will-do,  I-will- 
think,  I-may-be-sorry.  4.  We-have,  we-think,  we-do,  we- 
had,  we-did,  we-think-you-will-be,  we-think-you-will-have. 
5.  We-will,  we-will-do,  we-will-be-ready,  we-  will-have,  we-are- 
kaving,  we-are-certain,  we-arc-respectfully-yours.  6.  I-will- 
send-you,  he-will-send-you,  he-will-send-us,  you-will-send-us, 
you-may-be-certain,  be-may-be-ready,  I-may-be-ready.  7.  Let- 
us-know,  let-us-have,  let-us-do,  make-us,  give-us,  when-you- 
think-you-will,  when-you-have-tiine. 

BUSINESS  LETTERS. 


56 


BJilEF    COURSE 


Mrs.  M.  J.  Stillwell, 

Jackson,  Miss. 
Madam  : 

Are-you-the  party  who-came  to  see-us  last  Wednesday 
about-a  six  room  house  ?  All  of  our  force  were  already  off 
at  one  on-that-day,  except  one  or  two  boys  who  stayed  to 
sweep  up,  and-they  did  not  seem  to  know  just  what  you 
desired. 

We-have  four  six  room  cottages  at  our  disposal,  all  new 
and-on  good  lots.  We-think  we-ought  to  suit-you  with  one 
of  -them. 

If-you-will  come  to-the  office  some  day  next  week,  we-will 
go  together  and-look  at-the  houses.  I  would-be  happy  to 
show  them  to-you  at-an  earlier  date,  but  I-expect  to-be  out 
(of  the)  city  for-the-rest  (of  the)  week,  so  must  ask-you  to 
wait  for  me. 

We-shall  advertise  these  houses  for  sale  soon.  A-smaller 
cottage  was  sold  by-us  a-few-days  ago,  and-it-is  much 
admired  by  ail-that  see  it. 

We-hope-you-will  come  and-look  at-the  house. 

Yours-respectfully, 

^  \    " 


IN    SHORTHAND  57 

Sirs : 

We  note  what  you  say  in-yours  of  July  9.  We-will-be  in 
Albany  next  month  for-one  week,  August  1-8,  to  exhibit  our 
choice  goods.  We-hope  to  have-the  opportunity  of  seeing  you 
while  in-your-city,  as  we-shall-be  happy  to  show-you  what  we- 
have  in-stock. 

We-are  putting  out  a-lot  of  superior  white  wool  weaves 
that-we-think  may  suit-you, 

Yours-truly, 

QUESTIONS:  1.  Which  word  in  a  phrase  is  generally 
written  in  its  usual  position?  2.  For  what  purpose  may  a 
first-position  word  be  raised  or  lowered?  3.  What  words 
always  take  the  position  of  the  words  to  which  they  are 
joined?  4.  In  what  two  ways  may  you  be  represented  in 
phrasing?  5.  What  may  be  represented  by  iss?  ByEmp? 
6.  When  should  Poid  be  used  for  I?  When  Roid?  In  what 
other  way  may  /be  represented  and  when?  7.  When  may 
Eld,  Med,  Ned  and  Ard  be  used?  8.  When  is  it  wrong  to 
use  them?  9.  What  is  the  direction  of  Eld  ?  10.  Inwhattwo 
ways  may  the  be  represented ?  A  or  an?  And?  11.  What 
wordsigns  are  represented  by  the  following:  Boid1,  Poid1, 
Doid1,  Toid1,  Joid1,  Roid1,  Roid2,  Joid2,  P3,  P1,  Ith8,  The3, 
Chay3  D3,  Gaya,  Gay3,  Thees8?  12.  Can  you  also  give  the 
words  represented  by  Boid2,  Poid2,  Doid3,  Toid2? 


58  BRIEF    COURSE 

LESSON   9. 
Small  Final  Hooks  on  Straight  Strokes. 

Ten     J     L  Tef  or  Tev 
Tents  d  Tens  J      [  Tefs  ID  Tefts 

141.  Straight    strokes  Lave  two  small  final  books,  the  f  or 
v  hook  written  on  the  circle  side,  and  the  n  hook  on  the  oppo- 
site side.     Ex.  L'   deaf,    J'  den. 

142.  Iss     may     be     written     within     the   f    or    v   hook. 
Ex.  \>  puff,  \i  puffs. 

143.  Iss  may  be  written  in  place  of  the  n  hook  on  straight 
strokes.     Ex.  \.,.....pau , .^...  pans. 

Read  and  copy. 

XX     II      i     I     _,   _=>  s  s 

Pef    Bcf      Tef      Def       Chef      Jef      Kef     Gef    Hef    Ref 

\\        ID       I       i        ^     _^     _3   ^     ^ 

Pefs  Befs  Tefs  Defs  Chefs    Jefs    Kefs    Gefs  Hefs  Refs 

\>        V  U           I  £  t         _^        _j         S       S 

Peft   Beft  Teft  Deft  Cheft    Jeft    Keft    Geft    Heft    Reft 

^         V  b            I)  <£  ^            _s         .3            c^ 

Pef ts  Bef ts  Tefts  Defts  Chefts  Jefts  Kefts  Gefts  Hefts  Refts 

\\J      J     /    J     -,  —    ^  /> 

Pen   Ben      Ten      Den     Chen     Jen     Ken     Gen     Hen     Ren 

o  o         o          o  of         </        — D  o    c       / 

Pens  Bens    Tens    Dens    Chens  Jens  Kens  Gens  Hens  Rens 

b^jJc/</  -»     c<>      /> 

Pent  Bent    Tent    Dent    Ghent    Jent  Kent  Gent  Kent  Rent 
b^d  d  c/  cX-o-Dc^/0 

Pents  Bents  Tents  Dents  ChentsJentsKents  Gents  Hents  Rents 


IN    SHORTHAND  59 

144.  The  e  in  the  foregoing  names  represents  any  vowel  that 
may  come  between   the   stroke  and   its   hook.     Pen,  with  a 
change  of  vowel,  may  re  present  pan,  pin,  pun,  pine,  paivn  or 
pain. 

145.  Make  each  hook  very  small,  and  the  hook  line  straight, 
pointing  out  rather  than  in  ;  otherwise,  when  rapidly  written 
the  hook  may  be  mistaken  for  iss.     When  iss  is  written  within 
the  hook,  it  is  not  round,  but  ends  in  a  straight  line,  dividing 
the  hook  into  two  nearly  equal  parts. 

146.  Write  each  of  the  above  shorthand  lines  three  times, 
naming  each  hooked  stroke  as  you  write  it.     Make  each  stroke 
with  a  quick,  precise  movement  ;  then,  without  lifting  the  pen, 
carefully  make  the  hook  on  the  proper  side  of  the  stroke. 


b      ._*         ~J       !Sx 

•  I 

Dave  gave-the  chief  river  in  Spain.    Cover-the  beehives  with-the  stuff. 

_P  \.  /y^  /f  I  |.  P. 

..........    J  OO-/^'  >  Jxli  Jo 

The  sudden  pain  sent  Henry  running  to-the  dentist.    David  Stone  has 


>  .....  .......  \ 

-i 

gone  to-the  pine  woods  of-Michigan.     John  doffs  his  cuffs  and  serves. 

147.  Write  the  foregoing  sentences  ten  times  each.  Observe 
that  in  writing  the  word  beehives,  it  is  necessary  to  partly  retrace 
B  in  order  to  show  the  hook  on  Hay.  Omitting  the  vowels, 
except  in  proper  names,  write  the  sentences  ten  times  again. 
Continue  practicing  them  until  you  can  write  them  correctly 
and  easily  at  the  rate  of  forty  words  per  minute.  But  if  you 
try  to  write  rapidly  without  sufficient  practice,  you  will  make 
mistakes  and  will  have  to  write  slower  than  ever  in  order  to 
correct  your  tendency  to  error.  Trying  to  write  faster  than 
you  can  write  perfectly  will  only  hinder  you  and  retard  your 


60  BRIEF    COURSE 

progress.  NEVER  ALLOW  YOURSELF  TO  PLACE  A 
SINGLE  HOOK  ON  THE  WRONG  SIDE  OF  A  STROKE. 
That  is  a  most  serious  error  in  shorthand.  Carelessness  in 
placing  the  hooks,  circles  or  loops  will  lead  to  no  end  of 
trouble. 

EXERCISE  13. 
Read,  transcribe,  and  write  from  transcript. 


1 

\ 

Ir 

>>     A~^    /r     < 

</ 

2 

r 

'-    ^  ..^    % 

J^ 

3 

\ 

s 

^            5\         

4 

i 

lv 

if            "<f               I  u 

lv 

J           Jv          r3        ^ 

' 

5 

^ 

.a 

f       '  S  ••   '  £       v-°k 

(> 

^ 

'  •« 

d-           ^         yA          y 

—  o  

A 

£ 

7 

X** 

V 

L        t      ^    J^ 

> 

L        J  ........... 

-i    -r 

.......  Sv  ...    vF  § 

> 


148.  Except  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  iss,  sez,  steh  or  ster 
may  be  written  in  place  of  the  n  hook  on  straight  strokes  to 

indicate  ns,  nsez,  nst  or  nster. 


IX    SHORTHAND  G 1 

I          | d_         \  &_  ....y^i.. IVs^ 

"J. d  ^A  ' 

dance   dances    tenses,    pounced  punsters  ransack  Wisconsin 


Mrs.   Jones   sent-the  coins  to  Kansas.     The-chances  are  against-his 

V. 


x  / 

ransom.     He  chanced  to  hear-the  spinsters' responses.     He  warns-the 


J     x  ^d?_c/r_  v 

T  T  \ 

nl 


punsters  (of-the)  dunce's  density.    The  gown  enhances  Jane's  beauty. 

149.  Write  the  foregoing  sentences  ten  times.  Then  prac- 
tice the  writing  exercise.  You  can  write  it  the  first  time  and 
every  time  without  once  putting  a  hook  on  the  wrong  side  of 
a  stroke.  Do  so.  Practice  it  until  it  is  easy  to  place  the 
hooks  correctly.  Write  it  seven  times  without  error. 

WRITING   EXERCISES. 

Pave,  paved,  pain,  pained,  buff,  paint,  paints,  bun,  buns, 
doff,  doffed,  done,  dunned,  dunces,  dove,  doves,  pine,  pines, 
cave,  caves,  caved,  chafe,  chafes,  chain,  chains,  chained, 
chaff,  run,  runs,  rough,  den,  dens,  huff,  tough,  hove,  ten, 
tense,  tenses,  Jones,  achieve,  achieves,  achieved,  Jeff,  Dane, 
dived,  roof,  roofs,  rain,  rains,  rained,  gave,  rove,  roves,  roved, 
ran,  rinse,  rinsed,  rinses,  reigns,  reigned,  skein,  skeins,  hen, 
hens,  heave,  heaved,  spine,  half,  halves,  pan,  pans,  panned, 
referee,  ripen,  ripens,  ripened,  staff,  staves,  river,  Henry, 
,  spun,  stone,  stones,  stoned,  sudden,  mechanic,  dentists, 
banish,  divide,  defense,  penance,  tanned,  toned,  gifts,  taunts, 
dents,  daunts,  coughs,  pants,  calves,  bounds,  skiff,  rinds, 
bereft,  pints,  pounds,  coins,  sustained,  suspends,  swerves. 


62  BUIEF    COURSE 

150.  A  dot  at  the  beginning  of  a  stroke,  and  in  line  with  it, 
indicates  con,  conn,    com,  or  comm.     Ex.  •^^s>  commenced. 
j«  contained, 

WORDSIGNS. 

^ >>_j^ i^, J I \ ZV, L 

opinion   upon   happen  been  can  general-ly  differ-ed  before  whateve. 
punish-ment  (verb)  -ence-ent-ly    refer-red-ence 

SPEED  SENTENCES  CONTAINING  WORDSIGNS. 

L  1  _!_  -,  )      L       J     \ 

I  V 

Whatever    you    decide,   we    can    say  that-we-have   generally    been 

.£. x jr        <L ! a  x    (    V      L  _L 

slow  about  contesting  points  with  you.     They  have   differed  with 

n         X    x !\  \       C  \         I  x 

1  5         \ 

you  before.     Our  opinions  upon  this  point  happen  to-be  different. 

151.  When    Co.  cannot  be  conveniently  joined,  it  may  be 
represented    by    K    written    across    the     preceding    stroke. 


Ex. Oil  Co. 

152.  Of,  as  well  as  of -the,  may  be  omitted  before  dates,  and 
indicated  by  writing  the  following  word  close  to  the  word  pre- 
ceding of.     Ex.  jbjj£_ Yours  of  June  16. 

153.  When   convenient,    of  may  be   represented  by  the  f 

*->    -»  A 

hook.     Ex.  stock-of,   /u  rate-of,     ...  i out-of. 

154.  Write  the  following  letter  ten  times,  omitting  the  vowels 
except  in  oil,  72eeyes,Nand  Dunn: 


IN    SHORTHAND 


G3 


BUSINESS  LETTER. 


Kansas  Paint-&  Oil  Co. , 

Kansas-City, -Mo. 
Sirs : 

Yours  (of)  June  10  has-jnst  come  to  (h)and,  and-in- 
answer  will-say  that-we-have-a  good  stock-of  paints,  mixed 
ready  for  use,  put  up  in  tin  cans  of  different  sizes.  The 
smallest  on  sale  contain  one  pint,  though  we-have  sample  cans 
that-we  can  send-you  that  contain  still  less.  Whatever  you- 
may  need  in-the-way  of  paints  this  season,  we-shall-be  happy 
to-send-you. 

We-will  give-you-the  usual  discounts  for  spot  cash  or  we- 
will-send  on  sixty  days'  time,  as-you  wish. 


64  BRIEF    COURSE 

Hoping  that-you-will-send  to-us  for  sample  paints  before 
buying,  we-are- 

Yours-truly, 

Reeves  &-Dunn. 

155.  Notice  that  in  writing  the  derivative  word  sixty,  six  is 
written  in  its  usual  position  and  T  is  added. 

QUESTIONS  :  1 .  What  small  final  hooks  may  be  placed  on 
straight  strokes?  2.  Which  hook  is  written  on  the  circle  side? 
3.  Which  hook  is  written  on  the  opposite  side ?  4.  How  is 
iss  combined  with  each  of  these  hooks  ?  5.  Write  and  name 
the  ten  hooked  strokes,  Pef,  Bef,  etc.  6.  Write  and  name 
the  same  strokes  with  iss  added.  7.  Write  and  name  Peft, 
Beft,  etc.  8.  Write  and  name  Pefts,  Befts,  etc.  9.  Write 
and  name  the  ten  strokes  with  the  n  hook.  Write  and  name 
those  ending  in  ns.  Those  ending  in  nt.  Those  ending  in  nts. 
10.  What  does  e  in  the  names  signify?  11.  How  should  each 
hook  be  made?  12.  How  is  iss  made  when  written  within  the 
hook?  13.  Write  beehives,  and  state  the  peculiarity  in  its 
formation.  14.  What  should  you  never  allow  yourself  to  do ? 
15.  What  is  said  of  this  error?  16.  What  may  be  written  in 
place  of  the  n  hook,  and  when?  17.  What  is  indicated  by 
these  four?  18.  What  may  be  used  to  represent  Co.? 
19.  Give  the  different  ways  of  indicating  of.  20.  How  may 
con  or  conn,  com  or  comm  be  represented? 


IN    SHORTHAND  65 

LESSON     10. 

N   HOOK  ON  CURVES. 

156.  Curves  take  the  final  u  hook. 

157.  Iss  may  be  written  within  the  n  hook  on  curves,  but 

never  in  place  of  it.     Ex 1 mine,  ,.v mines.  .v. is  mice, 

not  mines.     Sez,  steh,  and  ster  cannot  be  combined  with  the 
n  hook  on  curves. 

WRITE  FIVE  TIMES. 

V  V  i  \  f  f  /~>  /9  y 

Fen  Fens  Fent    Fents  Len  Lens  Lent  Lents  Men    Mens    Meiit,  etc.     Women 
/  ^  /^°  /^ 

of  renown.     The  moon  shines  upon-the  ocean's  billows.     He  finds  excellent  lines. 

EXERCISE  14. 
Read,  copy,  and  read  from  your  notes. 

c 

ix.  / 

\v  w 

2    J^ 


3    \^  ^       _jr :* .^, /?.. 

LJ  L 

4  --/^A  — ^>A — -/°K O^A  cy^X -f" 

5  /-|-WD  Jn>         — f-6~2>  </  a~z 

c>      I 


158.  In  the  exercise  below,  use  either  the  stroke  or  the 
dot  for  -ing,  as  is  most  convenient.  Remember  also  that  Eld, 
Med,  Ned  and  Ard  are  never  used  with  a  hook.  Use  Let, 
Met,  Net  and  Art  with  a  hook. 


6ff  BRIEF    COURSE 

WRITING  EXEECISE. 

Mine,  mines,  mind,  minds,  fun,  noun,  nouns,  vine,  vines, 
fan,  fans,  fanned,  fanning,  fence,  fences  (F-N  sez),  lenses, 
lances,  minces,  lawn,  lawns,  shine,  shines,  line,  lines,  lined, 
lining,  lint,  mend,  mends,  mending,  faint,  faints,  fainting, 
vent,  find,  finds,  finding,  found,  founds,  founding,  thence, 
mint,  mints,  mound,  mounds,  nun,  nuns,  loan,  loans,  loaned, 
loaning,  shown,  nine,  seven,  ocean,  oceans,  slain,  'lent, 
fountain,  lonely,  finance,  finances,  soften,  softens,  softened, 
summon,  summoned,  summoning,  softening,  anoints. 

158.  K  or  Gay  is  often  omitted  in  words  beginning  with 

<?  ^ 

ex.     Ex.  o  expenses,^  except,  ........  <^_  accept,  ...........  exhibit. 

159.  A  light   slanting  tick  struck  in  any  direction  may  be 
used  to  indicate  -ed.     The  following  outlines  indicate  the  dif- 
ferent methods  of  writing  past  tenses.     Use  that  form  which 
is  easiest  for  you  to  write,  provided  it  is  also  easy  to  read. 
When  Ted  or  Ded  would  not  join  well,  it  may  be  lapped  by 
the  preceding  stroke,  as  in  |,  deeded. 

<fc-      send  sent      Q>         ^/  judge-d     NV   or 


_j 

sign-ed  .....     Vj>  faint-ed     v^    or 


dawn-ed     .....r. _ round-ed  ...       or 

/A  'AS 


- 

shop-ped     ...X.  .......  ?..  point-ed    ....^...  or 


reserve-d     <f          /^>  mend-ed      ^  or  ..  ........  |.~ 

\,     base-d  N$    .......  !'  ......  deed-ed  ...........  Lor  ......  !l  ..... 


IN   SHORTHAND 

exercise-d  -^n  note-cl  w   or 


67 


< 

\O    possess-ed 


_  _ 

_.:....  gift-ed  .' 


160.  To  may  be  indicated  by  writing  the  word  following  it 
in  the  fourth  position,  i.  e.,  entirely  under  the  line.  M  below 
the  line  may  be  used  for  to-me  or  to-my ;  never  for  to-him. 
Usually  it  is  a  second-position  word  having  a  full-length  down 
stroke,  that  is  written  in  the  fourth  position. 

/Ov 

^ i 4 ) r  i 

To-have    to-take    to-this   to-say   to-ask  to-do    to-me   to-him 
to-it  today     to-my 


He-wrote  to  me  of  my  reference  to  him  in  which  I  spoke  of  him  as  unkind  to  my  son. 

WORDSIGNS. 

fact    thing    long    language  quite  could  after    future  advantage  large  how  change 
WORDS  DISTINGUISHED  BY  POSITION. 


keep,  copy  inch,  notch    book,  back    amount,  mount    account,  count 
Speed  Sentences  : 


Have-you  seen   anything  like  this  before?     How-long  have-you  been  keeping  it? 
\  I  ,  V     o     o     ^  _  ^     \ 

We  could   pay-you   something   soon  after-the  1st.     The  fact  is,  his  language  was 

.....  \    *  ...........  f-  ..........  \  ......  /^:  ......  >    - 

quite     bad.     The    advantage     is-  to-be     largely    in-the    future.     Put-the     thing 


68 


BEIKK    COURSE 


f 


an-inch   (a-notch)  higher.     Does  your  count  tally  with  my  account? 


You-will-find-the     catalog    in-the    back     (not    book).     If  expenses 

„_/ .^    (  (    *   v_v_ : ^.A* 

mount    much    higher,    they  will  amount    to   half  of  our  receipts. 


\ 


BUSINESS  LETTER. 


\ 


L  ......  uJ 


/ 


A 


IN    SHORTHAND  69 

William  Kaufmann, 

Leavenworth,  Kans. 
Sir: 

Yours  of  June  13  received  and-duly  noted.  We  confess 
that-we  read  your  note  a-second-time  before  its  meaning 
dawned  upon-us. 

So-you  desire  to-loan  money,  but  at  exorbitant  rates. 
Allow-us  to-say  that-the  state  of  our  finances  does-not  demand 
that-we  obtain  loans  by  paying  usury. 

We  can  not  commend  your  views.  We  can  not  consent  to 
any  such  arrangement  as-you  suggest.  The  chief  point  in- 
your  argument  is  based  upon-an  error.  We-do-not  (dictated 
don't)  wish  your  services.  We-do-not  intend  to  change  our 
policy. 

Yours  truly, 

David  Sloan  &  Co. 

QUESTIONS.  What  small  final  hook  may  be  added  to 
curves?  2.  How  is  iss  combined  with  the  n  hook  on  curves? 
3.  Can  iss,  sez,  steh  or  ster  be  written  in  place  of  the  n 
hook  on  curves?  4.  Should  the  stroke  be  made  light  or  heavy 
in  loaned,  mind  and  earned?  Why?  5.  What  is  the  -ed 
tick?  6.  What  is  indicated  by  fourth  position?  7.  Where 
is  fourth  position  ?  8.  Write  to-him  and  to-me.  9.  Write  the 
wordsigns  for  the  following  words:  Quite,  long,  could, 
language,  large,  future,  thing,  after,  advantage,  fact,  how, 
change.  10.  Of  the  words  distinguished  by  position,  which 
are  written  in  the  second  position?  11.  Make  the  marks  of 
parenthesis  in  shorthand. 


70  BRIEF    COURSE 

LESSON     11. 

THE  SMALL  L  HOOK. 


Lett  hand  L  hook 

TL 

OHI. 

CXSHL 


160.  Certain  consonants  combine  so  closely  with  the  sound 
of  I  that  the  two  consonants  together  really  form  but  one  sound, 
spoken  with  but  one  impulse  of  the  vocal  organs.  Thus, 
in  play  the  two  consonants  form  the  one  sound  pi,  pronounced 
like  the  last  syllable  of  apple.  Give  this  sound.  Give  the 
combined  sound  of  U  as  heard  in  able,  the  combined  sound 
of  fl  as  heard  in  fly  or  aw/uZ. 

This  union  of  I  with  the  preceding  consonant  so  as  to  form 
one  sound  with  it,  is  indicated  by  a  small  initial  1  hook  placed 
on  the  circle  side  of  the  following  strokes  : 


\\rr^/^^_^c  c 

PI    Bl   Tl    Dl    Chl    Jl   Kl    Gl    Fl    VI   Thl   Thl  Shi  Zbl 

\  \  r  f  /  /~£LI^Vv  c  c  j  J 

sPl,       stM,      etc.                            sFJ,  sVl,  etc.  sShl,  etc. 


<-L-  *  %         f  .  ........... 

play   able   ugly  oval   flood   plates  settled  social  civil  glacial 

161.  Always  call  these  double  consonants  by  their  names, 
which  are  the  same  as  the  last  syllables  of  apple,  &ble,  settle, 
saddle,  Witchel,  vigil,  fickle,  hag^e,  awful,  oval,  'Ethel, 
bushel,  and  usual.  The  triple  consonants  are  pronounced  sPl, 
as  in  gospel;  iss-Bl  ;  sTl,  as  in  hostile;  iss-Dl,  etc.  Q  B 


IX    SHORTHAND  71 

162.  Observe  that  Shi  and  Zhl  are  written  up,  to  distinguish 
them  from  Shen  atid  Zhen,  which  are  written  down. 

163.  Iss  is  made  long  and  thin  when  written  within  the  1 
hook,  the  same  as  when  within  the  f  or  v  hook.     Take  special 
pains  to  make  iss  long  when  combined  with  the  1  hook  in  the 
middle  of  words,  in  order  that  the  hook  may  be  quite  plain. 


subtle         saddlery         bicycle      exclaim        explosive 

164.  It  is  often  necessary  to  retrace  the  previous  stroke  in 
order  to  make  the  1  hook.     Ex-         5\   couple    s/^_  ruffle. 
EXERCISE  15. 


Transcribe,  write  from  transcript,  and  read  notes. 


72  BRIEF    COURSE 


WRITING    EXERCISE. 

Play,  played,  plow,  plows,  plowed,  plots,  plats,  glee,  gloss, 
blaze,  blame,  blades,  blazed,  bluster,  blazes,  cloy,  cloyed,  clue, 
cleats,  clams,  clap,  clip,  pluck,  gloom,  fling,  flung,  plump, 
clamp,  baffle,  shuffle,  bleeds,  floods,  pleads,  flats,  floats,  evils, 
bevel,  level,  rifles,  juggle,  knuckles,  addle,  saddle,  sidle, 
sable,  civility,  supple,  supplement,  compliments,  civilize, 
civilizes,  cycle,  sickly,  tackle,  pebble,  stubble,  angle,  flip, 
flabby,  exclaim,  exclusive,  gospel,  fiscal,  social,  facial,  racial, 
glacial,  plane,  planed,  blind,  blend,  blends,  flint,  bland, 
splash,  spleen,  displace;  displease,  complain,  clean,  cleansed, 
cleanses,  complained,  complains,  complaints,  gleaned,  glint, 
glints,  initial,  rashly,  fleshly,  splints,  supplants. 


WORDSIGNS 


"" 


certain         build-t    able-to    balance     feel  full-y   value  cannot 
necessary  fill,  fall 

follow 


Speed  Sentences  : 


_Y 


o/ 


Are-you     able-to     balance     your     books?        I-feel      certain 

c          V  t.c 

~^~  "I y^-x- 

that-he-has  billed-the  goods  at  full  value.     It  fills-the   bill. 


PHRASES. 


they-will 
they'll 


f 

P 

V 

it-will 
it'll 

\          S 

it-will-be       which-will-be 
which  '11 

please-send 

IN    SHORTHAND 
EXERCISE  16. 

-v = 


73 


\=£-x    'C 


V. 


V 


X    O 


, 

_./_.. 


\J 


10 


11 


S_ 


f     -^P 


.......  V 


\ 


74  BRIEF    COUKSE 


BUSINESS  LETTERS. 


Messrs.  Mitchell-&  Black, 

Glen  wood,  Iowa. 
Sirs: 

Please-send  me  six  bushels  of -your  best  russet  apples,  a 
peck-of  your  choicest  blue  plums,  and-a  small  sack-of  flour. 
Cannot  you  send-the  plums  right-away?  If  so,  you-will- 

oblige  me. 

Yours-truly, 

Willis  Blunt. 

QUESTIONS.     1.  What  is  indicated  by  the  small  1  hook? 

2.  Write  and  name   the  1-hook  series  of  double  consonants. 

3.  What  two  are  written  up,  and  why?     4.  How  is  iss  written 
within  the  1  hook?    5.  Where  is  care  especially  needed  in  order 
that  the  1  hook  may  be  plain?     6.  How  is  the  1  hook  made  in 
couple?    7.    Write   the   following  phrases:  They-will,    it-will, 
it-will-be,  which-will-be,  please-send.    8.  Write  and  name  the 
wordsigns  for  the  following  words :  Balance,  dble-to,fill,  value, 
build,  fully,  feel,  bill,  fall,  billed,  certain,  cannot,  follow. 


IN   SHORTHAND  75 


LESSON    12. 

ANGLE  RULES  AND  WORDSIGN  REVIEW. 

165.  The   downward  stroke  C  El  is  sometimes  used  in- 
stead of  Lay  for  the  sake  of  a  sharper  angle  or  a  more  con- 
venient joining. 

166.  RULE  6.     Use  El  after  N  and  Ing. 

v      T     — f       *r 

L  O  /  f 

6 /  o  •>£*- 


nails          needles  kingly  needless        endless  annuls          annulment 

167.  Copy  the  above  line  several  times;  then  write  the 
following: 

Null,  wrongly,  kneel,  Nile,  Nellie,  inlay,  inlet,  inlaid, 
inland,  knoll,  neatly,  newel,  knell,  unlimited,  songless. 

168.  When  Ish  is  impossible  or  inconvenient,  an  upward 
stroke,  ^J  Shay,   may  be    used  for   sh,  as  in  A   .y vanish, 

..<!.- sheathe,  ^^  flcsn- 

Use  Shay:  Finish,  dish,  fish,  flash,  flesh,  dishes,  tissue, 
dash,  bishop,  Finnish,  sheathes,  fleshly,  peevish. 

169.  Regardless  of   any  vowel  before  or  after  r,  use  Ar 
before  M  and  Emp,  but  Ray  after  M,  Emp  and  Ray. 

room       rumpus          mirror       empire      inferior     armory 

Write:  Romp,  rim,  ram,  rhyme,  roam,  reams,  armory, 
mire,  merit,  mirrors,  merge,  March,  empires,  amperes, 
emperors,  interior,  superior,  terror,  carrier,  barrier. 


76  BRIEF    COURSE 

WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 


v  y 

.  V  __________  /•  ...........  O 

^^-          ^ 

believe    year-syet     beyond    without     ever    however    issue      explain 
ye  -ed-tion 


immediate      impossible         importance         improve-ed        on-hand       these-thinga 
-ly  impossibility        important        improvement 

Speed  sentences: 

S~**^  _ ^-vix      X  - .V    

The  importance  (of  the)  improvement  is  quite  evident.     However, 


you-could-do  without-it    for-a    year   yet.      When  will-you    issue-the 

V       X  1  "">  01          -S~~b  ^ 

bonds?     Now  it-is  beyond-you.     Is  it  impossible  to  build  immediately? 
L         V          C  ^  /  ?  x 

.?. „«: V.         ^>     ...._ o  b   

o 
Did-you  ever  fully  explain-the   immediate    advantages    of-this  plan? 

WORDSIGN  REVIEW. 


0. o c 3 ;...u n J \ 1 ...I. \ I /. ;......• 


IN    SHORTHAND  77 

KEY. 

Opportunity  up  hope-party  by  be  to-be  time  it-take  at-out 
dollar  do  had-advertise-ed-ment  each  which-change  much 
advantage  large  common-kingdom  come-country  quite 
could  give-n  together  ago  good. 

If  for-fact  few-half  after  future  ever  have  however  think 
thank-ed-thousand  them-they  though  was  wish  shall-t  issue 
usual-ly  these  this  those-thus  several  that  without. 

Him-am-home  important-ce  improve-d-ment  impossible- 
ility  any -in  new  own  thing  language  long  when  your  will 
whole-a/Zozo  her  are  work  away. 

First  is-his  as-has  we- with  were  what  would  ye-years, 
yet  beyond  you  I-eye-high  he  how  of  to  or  but  on  should 
all  too-two  already-awe  0-oh-oive  ought  who-m  the  and  an  a. 

Opinion  upon  punish-ment-/i«p/>e?t  been  can  general-ly 
imagine  before  whatever  differ-ed-ent-ly-ce  necessary  build- 
built  able-to  balance  feel-fill-fall-follow  full-y-fell  value. 

17 


\ 


< - - ! 6 

5 : ! L. 1! ^...  r/X  JT k  ^ 


\  rr^..  ~^^  *~     x    - 

\ 

s  —   i    °  V^     \    9 

I..... U x    / t . 


)  x U 


78  BRIEI?    COURSE 


\ 


KEY. 

You  ought  to  improve  this  opportunity  of  advertising 
those  goods.  But  is  it  impossible  to  build  beyond-the  city 
limits?  However,  you-will-have-them  on-hand  for  several 
weeks.  I-wish  to-be  notified  immediately  when  anything 
important  happens.  Now,  we-hope  each  party  will  give 
whatever  is  convenient.  What-was-done  with-the  different 
bills  before-the  House? 

Such  language  was  too  common  a-year  or  two  ago. 
I-think-he-wouid-go  if-you  would  invite  him.  The  General 's 
opinions  upon  that  issue  have  already  been  given.  Could- 
you  pay-the  balance  due  on-this  large  bill?  First,  how- 
long-and  how  high  shall  it  all  be?  We-shall-do  without 
these-things  which  cost  so  much. 

Oh,  work  together  for-your  mutual  advantage  in-the 
future.  Can  you  arrange  for-the  thousand-dollars  you  owe 
him?  Were  you  able-to  find  out  who  were  after-them? 


IN    SHORTHAND  79 

What-would  happen  if-he-should  ever  know  its  value?  He- 
feels  that-the  bag  is  already  quite  too  full.  Gentlemen,  all- 
these  changes  affect  our  country  —  the  whole  kingdom. 

170.  Except  in  phrasing,  a  wordsign  should  never  be  writ- 
ten out  of  position.  Practice  each  sentence  until  it  is  easy 
to  write  it  correctly ;  then  practice  it  until  you  can  write  it 
both  correctly  and  rapidly.  There  are  ten  words  in  each 
sentence,  sixty  words  in  each  group.  Practice  each  group 
until  you  can  write  it  correctly  in  a  minute.  Perhaps  you 
can  write  some  of  the  sentences  correctly  ten  times  in  a 
minute,  i.  e.,  at  the  rate  of  100  words  per  minute.  It  will 
pay  you  to  spend  two  or  three  days  on  this  lesson,  for 
wordsigns  are  of  little  value  unless  written  without  conscious 
effort. 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 


80  BRIEF    COURSE 

Messrs.  Gleason,  Kline  &-Jones, 

Pine  Bluffs,  Ark. 
Gentlemen : 

How-do-you  like  our  samples  (of  the)  plain  unglazed 
tablets?  The  selling  value  of  tablets  depends-upon-the  cover 
design  as-much-as  upon-the  excellence  (of  the)  bond. 

We  can  give-you-the  benefit  of-a  binding  which-will,  we- 
believe,  be  second  to  none,  and  superior  to-many  of  expensive 
mounting,  at-the  rate-of  75c.  a-dozeu. 

Enclosed  is  list  of  inducements  to  individual  pupils-and 
student  clubs  that  want  to-save-the  coupons. 

Shall  we  send-you  a-few-dozen  tablets,  and-also  coupons? 

Kindly  write-us  at-your  earliest  convenience. 

Yours  truly, 

QUESTION:  1.  What  is  the  name  of  the  downward 
stroke  for  1  ?  2.  After  what  strokes  should  El  be  used,  and  why? 
3.  What  is  the  name  of  the  upward  stroke  for  sh?  4.  When 
is  it  used  instead  of  Ish?  5.  Should  Ar  or  Ray  be  used  be- 
fore M  and  Emp?  6.  What  is  used  for  r  after  M  and  Emp? 
7.  After  what  other  stroke  should  Ray  be  used,  regardless  of 
the  vowel?  8.  Observe  the  italicized  words  in  the  wordsign 
key,  and  note  whether  they  are  written  regularly,  or  whether 
they  are,  like  true  wordsigns,  exceptions  in  point  of  position 
or  omission  of  consonant  or  vowel  sounds.  9.  Make  the 
shorthand  dash. 


IK   SHORTHAND 

LESSON     13. 

THE  SMALL  R  HOOK. 


Bight  hand  R  hook 

TR 


171.  The  r  hook,  like  the  1  hook,  indicates  that  the  two 
sounds  represented  by  the  stroke  and  its  hook  together  form 
one  sound,  not  two  sounds.     Thus  in  pray,  the  two  conson- 
ants blend  into  the  one  sound,  pr,  pronounced  like  the  last 
syllable  of  upper. 

172.  The  double  consonants  of  the  r-hook  series  are  as 
follows: 

\  \  1    i    ;   ;^_  ,_  <\    ^    ^.  -i 

Pr     Br     Tr     Dr    Chr    Jr   Kr  Gr    pray  prayed  acres  odor 

^ 


Fr      Vr      ThrThrShr  Zhr    Mr       Nr 


1 

J> 


fresh  freight  every  threshers  withered  brazier  rumor  honored 

173.  Fr,  Vr,  Thr,  and  Thr  are  formed  by  turning  Fl,  VI, 
Thl,  and  Thl  over,  so  that  the  hook  is  on  the  other  side,  as  in 


82  BRIEF    COURSE 

diagram  above.  There  is  no  danger  of  mistaking  Fr,  Vr,  etc., 
for  Ar,  Way,  S,  and  Z,  because  the  latter  never  take  an 
initial  hook. 

174.  Observe  that  <r^   Mr    and    <^^Nr  are    shaded   to 
distinguish   them  from  <r^weM    and  <^_^  weN. 

175.  The  names  of  the  double  consonants  of  the  r-hook 
series   are   the    last  syllables  of  upper,   sober  utter,    adder, 
pitc/ier,  lodger,  acre,  a.uger,  offer,  over,  author,  either,  usher, 
pleasure,  rumor,  and  bamier.     Read  and  write  the  following 
lines  ten  times  each: 


}      J  ")    ^  °N  J    ^    1    ^    1 

176.  Observe  that  Ray  can  be  used  before  Mr,  though  not 
before  M.     See  outline  for  rumor,  on  preceding  page. 

177.  An   obscure    or     unimportant   sound   is   frequently 
omitted  by  careless  speakers,  and  can  often  be  safely  omitted 
in  shorthand  writing.    Thus,  w  may  be  omitted  in  ..............  equal, 

-  L  ........  doivnward,  etc.  ;  y  in\^    behavior,  etc.  ;  h  in  ....^.....behind, 

.JLpftajitZ  __..j....  at  hand  (at'and),   etc.      As  tv   and  y  are 

semivowels,  and  h  a  mere  aspirate,  these  are  the  consonants 
most   frequently  omitted. 

178.  Unimportant  vowels  are  also  sometimes  omitted,  and 
PI,  Fl,  Pr,  Fr,  etc.,  used  as  if  there  were  no  vowel  sound  be- 

tween the   consonants.      Ex.      \_aforgave,  ^     furniture, 


etc.     Care  must  be  taken,  however,  never  to  omit  anything 
that  is  necessary  for  the  legibility  of  a  word. 


IN   SHORTHAND 


83 


WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Free,  dry,  prow,  Troy,  gray,  gross,  fry,  fret,  freed,  brace, 
trust,  frail,  dressed,  crawl,  liver,  lever,  fever,  butcher, 
badger,  covert,  movers,  through,  throng,  thread,  thrust, 
three,  shriek,  shrink,  shrug,  glazier,  treasure,  frost,  thrush, 
fringe,  thrash,  thrown,  enthroned,  brazier,  dimmer,  banner, 
Palmer,  calmer,  graves,  tinner,  lamer,  travel,  shivers,  shaver, 
flung,  bathers,  coffers,  thrums,  green,  Vermont,  furnished, 
reverse,  revert,  draft,  craft,  graft,  drained,  frowned,  friends. 
Oliver,  enshrined,  ferment. 


84 


BEIEP    COURSE 

WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 


1   i  ; 


share    Dr.    dear    during    larger   Mr.     more   from    their    other  sure-ly   extensive 
remark-ed'  there 


Speed  sentences: 

O I 


, I .1 2 

the 

the 

3,  ^ ~ 

Dear-Sir  in-our  we-may 

\     <^~S 


The  authors,   doctors,  and-every  other   guest    received    their   share    of  honor 

...:\ 


L., : i 


from-the     Major   at    Mr.  Frazier's   dinner.       The  dear    tired  face  grew    fresher 
\     P       1          •  ^— *\ 

1 ;- 4-     Xx 

during  her  stay    there.       He-has  more-and  larger     fruit    than-his    neighbors. 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 


/ 

6 


1 

" 


-P 

J 


.  .....  __  ......  A  .....IV 


/ 

6 


V 


IN    SHORTHAND  85 

Dr.  Frank  Thrall, 

Burlington,  Vt. 
Dear-Sir : 

We-have-made  some  quite  important  changes  and  ex- 
tensive improvements  in-our  store  during-the  past  year. 
With  our  present  advantages,  we  can  handle  an-unusually 
large  stock-of  goods  with  ease-and  dispatch.  We-have 
spared  no  pains  in-our  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons,  but 
we-believe  we-shall-be  compensated  by  larger  sales.  Hoping 
that-we-may  soon  have-an  opportunity  of  serving  you, 
and-promising  that  all  of-your  purchases  shall-be  attended 
to  with  our  usual  promptness,  we-are- 

Yours-respectfully, 

QUESTIONS:  1.  What  is  indicated  by  the  small  r  hook? 
2.  Is  this  r  hook  on  the  circle  side  of  a  straight  stroke  or  on 
the  opposite  side?  3.  Write  and  name  the  straight  double 
consonants  of  the  r-hook  series.  4.  Write  and  name  the 
curved  double  consonants  of  the  r-hook  series.  5.  If  PI,  Fl, 
Shi,  were  made  of  wire,  how  would  they  be  turned  to  form 
Pr,  Fr,  Shr,  etc.?  6.  Why  are  Mr  and  Nr  shaded? 
7.  Should  Ar  or  Ray  be  used  in  rumor?  8.  What  is  said  of 
obscure  or  unimportant  consonants?  9.  What  consonants 
are  most  frequently  omitted  in  shorthand  writing? 
10.  What  vowels  may  be  disregarded  in  shorthand,  and 
when?  11.  Write  the  phrases:  Dear-Sir,  in-our,  we-may, 
12.  Write  the  wordsigns:  Dr.,  their,  sure,  other,  dear,  there, 
during,  share,  more,  larger,  from,  remark-ed,  Mr.,  surely, 
extensive. 


86  BRIEF    COUKSK 

LESSON     14. 
SMALL  HOOKS  REVIEWED  AND  CONCLUDED. 

179.  The  circle  may  be  written  in  place  of  the  r  hook  on 
straight  strokes.  Ex.  \  Pr,  \  sPr,  pronounced  issPr, 
or  simply  sPer  as  in  prosper.  Write  and  read  the  following 
lines  until  they  are  thoroughly  familiar: 


\  \    i     i     ; 

sPr      sBr       sTr       sDr     sChr      sJr       sKr      sGr  sezTr 

•            •          •  _             .  /->. 

\cx          ex.  o  -       o*~         cr-  o  —  iv 

A     l       °$    .............................................  .•_  .................  :.  .....  \o  J 

pray    spray    sprains   sprained    seeker   secret   secrete    sacrifice  cistern 

o  °\ 


The-Secretary's  screens  were  made  of  cypress.     Sister  served  supper. 

180.  In  the   middle  of    a  word,  iss   is   generally  written 
within  the  r  hook. 


\  -i-   -%     ^    ^Y_  \    J. 

obstruct    extra    extravagant    restrained    reciprocal  prosper    distrust 

181.  Iss  must  always  be  written  within  all  hooks  on  curves. 

SX  6V  <T\  C\  95 

I                  A                  /                     /                   *s                 S  &~*^        ^-^ 

sFr        sVr     ^sThr       sThr       sShr       sZhr  sMr,.    sXr 
^\         <S^ 


Oxford    Hosford    passover    suffer    sooner   signer    dishonor 

o 


IN    SHORTHAND 


87 


sTret 


Tents  d 


RESUME. 

r  sTit 

I  Tefts 
1_ ^ " 

By-the  sufferance  of  civilians,  friends  filled-the  streets  and-offered  splendid  gifts. 

182.  Iss  may  be  written  in  place  of  the  r  and  the  n  hooks 
on  straight  strokes;  but  generally  in  the  middle  of  a  word 
and  always  in  all  other  cases,  iss  must  be  written  within  the 
hook.  Never  write  iss  in  place  of  a  hook  on  a  curve,  and 
never  in  place  of  an  1  or  an  f  or  v  hook,  for  that  would 
change  the  hook  to  simple  iss. 

19. 


88  BRIEF    COL'KSK 

183.  When  sTr  follows  the  n  hook,  great  pains  must  be 
taken  to  lengthen  the  circle  so  that  both  the  n  and  the  r 
hooks  may  be  distinct. 


i 

h 

monstrous  minstrel     remonstrances    demonstrate, 

184.     When      \    or      \    follows    /or     /  ,  as  in  £ 

Jasper,  or  when  0  —  or  ^       follows  a  down  straight  stroke,  as 

in  t  —  disagree,  add  the    circle  to  the   first  stroke  as  if  it 

• 

were  alone,  and  then  write  the  second  stroke. 

.....  - 


Jasper  was  discourteous,  discouraging,  and-disagreeable  to  Mr.  Chesbro. 

185.  Summer  may  be  written  issM-Ray  instead  of  issMr; 
cipher  and  suffer  may  be  written  issF-Ar  by  those  who  find 
issFr  difficult.  The  highest  authorities  disagree  as  to  the 
best  way  of  writing  these  words.  Choose,  therefore,  the 
outline  that  is  easy  for  you,  and  always  use  it. 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Straw,  stress,  strews,  strikes,  straps,  strive,  strives, 
screech,  scrawl,  sadder,  cedar,  cider,  seeker,  setter,  suckers, 
straight,  streets,  struts,  sprites,  strained,  strand,  restrained, 
restraints,  restricted,  distracted,  obstructed,  reciprocated, 
masterly,  mistress,  destroys,  distresses,  outsiders,  considered, 
seekers,  sacrifices,  Casper,  Oxford,  suffer,  suffered,  saffron, 
Hosmer,  signer,  sooner,  designers,  fastener,  sisterly,  cisterns, 
fronts,  friends,  descry,  discreet,  disagreeable,  Jasper,  mon- 


IX    SHORTHAND  89 

strous,  remonstrance,  poisoner,  passover,  civilians,  secre- 
taries, secretes,  discourage,  spread,  sprouts,  splasher,  flints, 
stretchers,  soberly,  sprained,  superfine,  superficial. 

186.  In  phrasing,  than   and  own  may  be  represented  by 
the  n  hook,  and  have  as  well  as  of  by  the   f   or   v   hook. 

Ex.  \S  better-than,       J  their-own.  £    which-have. 


WORDSIGNS. 

c  }         r  3 

.......................................  ^_^  ...............    V_X.  .................     **^>     ..................    _S  ______  .............................  _ 

we-  would    manner  nature   under    pleasure  little  what-we 
we-were  hundred  what-would 

with-  what  what-  were 

OUTLINES  DISTINGUISHED  BY  POSITION. 


...............  \-  .....  -  ..........  .................  .  ......................  v 

prove  approve  express  surprise  suppress  devise     advise 
proof  device     advice 

187.  In  the  sentences  below  and  in  future  lessons,  hyphens 
will  be  omitted  in  some  of  the  phrases. 


~~l    " 
Nature  gives-us  pleasure  in  divers  manners  and  a  hundred  little  ways 

\  /        °\  I 

...  ^J? V x I \s>      ^ <\. x 5>  v — a, 

V         \>  I, 

understood  by  few.  Those  proofs  are  approved.    He  has  demonstrated 


c 


..x 


his  power  to  suppress  these  wrongs.  Your-own  may-be  better-than  that. 
o 


90 


BRIEF    COURSE 


BUSINESS  LETTER. 


Dr.  Hosmer  Sprague, 

Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Dear-Sir: 

We-take-pleasure  in  mailing-you  to-day,  under  separate 
cover,  a  little  souvenir  book,  illustrating  in-a  brief-and 
we-believe-a  delightful  manner,  our  factory  and  the  methods 
and  nature  of  engraving  processes.  It  also  contains  most 
natural  lithographs  of  the  President,  Secretary,  and-other 
officers  of  the  Company. 

I  hope  you  will  favor  us  with  a  perusal  of-same,  and  that 
you  will  find  it  what-we  intended,  namely,  a  fine  specimen 
of  the  graphic  arts. 


I\    SHORTHAND  91 

Please  consider  the  advantages  offered  in  our  supplement 
and  the  great  facilities  which  we-would  be  glad  to  place  at 
your  disposal. 

Kindly  write  us  for  prices  or  other  details  which  you  may 
desire  sent  you. 

Awaiting  your  commands,  we  are 

Respectfully  yours, 

The  Werner  Printing  Co. 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  is  the  circle   combined  with  the  r  hook  in  stray? 

2.  How  is  the  circle  combined  with  the  r  hook  in  restrict? 

3.  How  is  iss  combined  with  the  r  hook  in  sooner?   4.  Write 
sTl,  Tefs,  sTlt,  Tefts,  sTr,    Stret,    Tens,    Tents.    5.  What 
hooks  may  be  changed  to  circles?    6.   What  hooks   cannot 
be  changed   to   circles, and  why?    7.   How  are  such  words 
as  disagree  written?    8.  What  caution  is  given  in  regard  to 
making   the   sTr   after    the    n    hook?    9.  Write:   Remon- 
strance, demonstrate,  discouraging,  summer,  cipher,  admin- 
istrate,  suffer,   monstrous.         Tell  what  is  peculiar  about 
each  one.     10.  What  may  be   represented    by  the  n  hook 
in  phrasing?     11.  What  may  be  represented  by  the  f  or  v 
hook  in   phrasing?    12.  Write:  Their-own,  your-own,   our- 
own,  her-own,  better-than,  more -than,  sooner-than,  which- 
havc,  who-have. 


92 


BUIEF    COURSE 


LESSON     15. 

DOUBLE-LENGTH  CURVES. 
188.  Making  Emp  twice   as  long  as  usual    changes  it  to 


Emper  or  Ember.     Ex. 


temper, amber. 


189.  Doubling  Ing  changes   it   to    Inger    or  Inker.     Ex. 
long,  ....         ...  longer,  C  thinker. 


190.  Doubling    any    other    stroke   adds    thr,    dr,    or    tr 

(terorture).   Ex.  neither,  </          surrender,^ — p - 

motor,  „ — r-vr     materials,  Q  skater. 

191.  The   first  half  of  a    lengthened  stroke  is  put  in  the 
position   it   would    occupy    were   it    a   single   length.    Ex. 

._fee,..X_....... feeder,    A_. feather,  .../.... latter. 

192.  A  final  hook,  circle  or  loop  is  read  after  the  added 
syllable.     Ex.  ...J modern, winters. 

193.  It  is  better  to  make  a  double  length  too  long  than 
too  short.     If  it  is  too  short,  it    may   be   mistaken    for    a 
single  length. 


IN    SHORTHAND 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Letter,  latter,  leader,  enter,  mother,  madder,  motherly, 
neither,  neuter,  nitre,  mitre,  motors,  feathers,  fathers,  fea- 
tures, fitters,  fighters,  finger,  anger,  longer,  linger,  languor, 
hunger,  tinker,  canker,  anchor,  rancor,  thither,  thinker, 
damper,  tamper,  hamper,  lumber,  limber,  timber,  temper, 
temporal,  temporary,  render,  surrender,  tender,  voter,  order, 
orderly,  disorder,  smother,  modern,  lantern,  Easter,  eastern, 
oysters,  literary,  temperance/  Walter,  wilder,  wilderness, 
diameter,  thither,  softer,  sifters,  shutters,  smoother,  ardor, 
harder,  cylinder,  motors,  entrance,  hindrance.. 

194.  In  phrasing,  lengthening  may  be  employed  to  add 
their,  there  or  they-are,  and  sometimes  other  or  dear.  Write 
the  following  sentences  ten  or  twenty  times: 


Are-there\ any  books  on  Finnish  literature  in-their  library? 


My-dear- friends,    the    Prince's    defenders   had  wonderful  adventures. 


WORDSIGNS  AND    PHRASES. 


^  \_\- 


entire  matter,  over  very  member  number  board  particular-ly   part   until  tell  told 
remember-ed  appeared  at-all   till 


P....  r 


94 


BRIEF    COURSE 


v-i 

September     wliich-are    as-soon-as  longer-than    ttie-other\(thuther)     December, 

Speed  Sentences: 

f  GJ   J x  _ A.    :, ,  { x 

He-tells    me    that-he    remembers  going    over    the    entire    matter    with    them. 


/    r A >  - 

V 

He-told  a-number-of  very  important  particulars  to  the  members  of    the    board. 

;    Y 


n V.  <\...b  I  \> X x 

[  A  x  X 

Wait   until  the  party  of   the  first    part  tells  wliich-are  the  best  for  their  needs. 


21. 


\ 


3   oJ_0    x 


4  ...\ 


x      C 


6    ' 


x      o       c — 5 


\ 


c       _    x     L     V 
=    •) 


(     )          ^     } 

(     '"- 


IN    SHORTHAND 


95 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

For-there,  have-their,  think-there,  see-their,  show-their, 
for-there-will-be,  for-there-may-be,  for-there-is,  if-there-is, 
if-there-is-time,  we-have-their,  I-have-their,  I-will-have- 
their,  we-will-have-their,  he-was-there,  he- will -have-their, 
are-there-many,  we-think-there-is,  I-think-there-will-be, 
I-think-they-are-ready,  seen-their,  I-have-seen-their,  know- 
their,  do-you-know-their,  some-other-roads,  some-other- 
cases,  in-their-case,  in-other- words,  the-other,  the-other- 
time,  the-other-day,  the-other-road,  the-other-rates.  Esther 
wrote-a  long  letter  to  her  father-and-mother  Thursday, 
and-Friday  she  wrote-a  still  longer  letter  to  her  sister. 
Can  you  open-the  shutters?  Render  honor  to  whom  honor- 
is due.  The  longer  you-linger  the  harder  it-will-be  for-you 
to  enter  upon  your  task.  Does-it-make  any  difference 
whether-the  diameter  (of  the)  cylinder-is  six-inches  or  ten? 
The-feather  pillows  ought-to-be  smoother,  then-the  room 
will  look  neater.  Mr.  Luther's  remarks  were  particularly 
good.  What-was-the  nature  of -his  business?  Which-are 
yours? 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 


96 


BUIKK    COURSE 


n v 


Mr.  Luther  Arthur  Sanderson, 

Purchasing  Agent  New- York-Central, 

New- York-City. 
My-dear-Sir: 

Your-letter  of  the  14th  of  September  was  duly  received. 
As-soon-as-the  temperature-is  lower,  not  later-than-the 
latter  part  of  December,  we-shall  need  materials  for  repair- 
ing our  tenders.  Unusually  severe  weather  would  render  it 
impossible  for-us  to  use  these  temporary  water  pipes. 

Later  in  the  winter  we  shall  alter-the  diameter  of  the  fire 
boxes,  and  we  shall  also  use  softer  water  in  the  future. 
Clinkers  do-not  smother-the  flames  if-there-is  any  device  for 
forcing-the  air  entirely  through  the  ventilators.  Have  you 
noticed  the  lighter  fingers  which-are  now  a  feature  of  the 
longer  cylinder  dampers? 

Send-us-a  good  supply-of  both  thermometers-and  barom- 
eters. 

Yours  truly, 

WALTER  REIFSXIDER, 
Supt.  Motor  Power,  N.  Y.  C.  R. 


IN    SHORTHAND  97 

QUESTIONS:  1.  What  is  the  effect  of  doubling  Emp? 
2.  What  is  the  effect  of  doubling  Ing?  3..  What  else  may 
be  doubled,  and  to  add  what  syllables?  4.  Which  half  of  a 
double  length  is  put  in  position?  5.  Is  a  final  hook  read 
before  or  after  tr,  dr,  or  thr?  6.  When  is  a  circle  or  loop 
read?  7.  What  caution  is  given  in  Par.  193?  8.  In 
phrasing,  what  is  indicated  by  doubling?  9.  Write  and 
read  the  following  wordsigns:  Tell,  part,  entire,  number, 
very,  particularly,  until,  matter,  member,  told,  over,  board, 
remember,  nature,  hundred,  pleasure,  under,  other,  from, 
their,  more,  remark,  during,  larger,  surely,  dear,  doctor, 
Mr.,  share,  manner,  September,  little,  December. 

7  Q 


98  BKIKF    COUKSE 

LESSON     16. 
LARGE  HOOKS. 


195.  The  above  may  be  called  Mel,  Nel  and  Rel. 


\y  r_5 

C_^.  .......  N.  .  .......................  V^_C~>\-   ...................       A     A 


...........     .........         (_/ 

Though  reluctant,  he  finally  put  green  enamel  on  the  panels 

<c  ^  r  r  /  r  <-<-      \ 

Pier     Bier     Tier     Dler     Chler      Jlef      Kler     Gler    Fler       et  Icetera. 

c\  f\  n  i  ^<r-  ^    o  9    \ 

Prel       Brel     Trel    Drel     Krel    Grel     Frel      Threl    Shrel        etketera 

196.  The  small  1  hook    may  be  enlarged   to  add  r,  as  in 

\   abler. 

197.  The  small  r  hook   may  be  enlarged  to  add  1,  as  in 
°X   April. 

198.  A   vowel   after   Pier,   Bier,   Prel,  Brel,  etc.,  is  read 
between  the  1  and   the  r;   that  is,    before   the   added   letter. 

7        £- 

Ex  ...........  .'  .....  trial,  ..?.  .........  clear. 


22. 


*-J 


IN   SHORTHAND 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

April,  prowl,  broil,  crawl,  camel,  enamei,  pommel,  final, 
penal,  funnel,  only,  relic,  reluctant,  relatives,  channel,  panel, 
venal,  tunnel,  relapse,  nominal,  drill,  droll,  grill,  abler,  clear, 
clerk,  clergy,  glare,  Clark,  flour,  muffler,  traveler,  trial, 
stickler,  gambler,  control,  smuggler,  rambler,  thrill,  settler. 

T-tive,  J  L  T-shun 

199.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  circle  side  of  any  stroke 

adds  the  sound  of  shun  or  zhun  to  the  stroke.     Ex.  .l^/) 
attention. 

200.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  opposite  side  of  a  straight 
stroke  adds  the  sound  of  tive. 

1  J- 

. —  "-?*! '  ^^  •— - 


active        attractive        dative        operative      collective 

201.  Make  all  of  these  hooks  very  large,  so  that  they  can- 
not be  mistaken  for  small  hooks.  Mel,  Nel  and  Rel  will 
look  like  weM,  weN  and  weR  unless  made  quite  large. 


23. 


~'V^ 


100  BUIKF    COURSE 


.LJ 


WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Option,  missions,  notions,  fashions,  compassion,  addition, 
edition,  rations,  visions,  adjective,  inactive,  fugitive, 
illustrative,  operative,  restoratives,  co-operation,  co-operative, 
conviction,  completion,  creation,  creative,  accumulative, 
education,  educative,  executives,  cautioned,  patient, 
attractiveness,  skater,  typewriter,  by-their  where-there-is. 

WORDSIGNS. 

=^          n      K 
"•^  .......  °\""  N 


„...  <r~x  .....................  .^^.  .../^.....>-^  .............  0  ..........................................................................................  ./N  ~  ............... 

sometime  never  refer      furnish   because  U.  S.  belong  expect-ed-ation 

_  ..........  ±=  _  !V\__  \   ........  _v   _ 

call  difficult-y  appear  principal-ly  practice     govern 
equal  form-ed         principle    practical  -ed-ment 

Speed  Sentences: 

( 


..          o  .  * 

It  appears  that   my  practice   has   never  equaled    yours.     The  U.    S.  government 


o  .............  .™....     iV          'X          c_^   x         ?          ~^    \       ^ 

has   overcome    only   the  principal    difficulties.     He  has    never  been  able  to  keep 


\  .......  ...............  z±  .......  !  ...........  <\  .......  :... 

up    appearances    because    his    practice    is    too    small.      Call    on    the  Principal, 

_.,..._     IX     x_.t^^-^^.  ........  ,  ............  si  ..........  /_    -x 

and      tell     him    to     equalize     matters     unless     be     wishes     a     general     strike. 


IN   SHORTHAND 


101 


BUSINESS  LETTER. 


\ 

s v 


V  ' 

A 


h>   •/- \- 

All 


I 


X       X 


V) 


102  BRIEF    COURSE 

Mr.  Daniel  Clark, 

Electric  Railway  Motor  Co.,. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Dear  Sir: 

We  hereby  call  the  attention  of  the  Directors  of  the 
Electric  Railway  Construction  Company  to  the  Convention 
of  Railroad  Officials,  which  convenes  at  Waterloo,  in  April 
next. 

One  of  the  features  of  this  Convention  will  be  a  practical 
exhibition  of  motors  and  dynamos.  Arrangements  have 
already  been  made  for  the  machinery  to  be  used  by  their 
demonstrators.  General  plans  for  electric  railway  extension 
may  also  receive  consideration. 

Where  there  are  many  exhibitors,  the  execution  of  orig- 
inal plans  is  sometimes  difficult,  but  the  contractor's  early 
completion  of  the  Cuyler  Tunnel  and  Lower  River  Channel 
exhibits  has  surpassed  our  most  sanguine  expectations. 

We  hope  you  will  improve  the  opportunity  afforded  by 
the  Convention  not  only  to  display  the  new  machinery  you 
are  advertising,  but  also  to  make  some  large  sales. 

Let  us  hear  from  you  at  your  earliest  convenience. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Peter  Petrie,  Sec. 

QUESTIONS:  1.  What  are  the  large  initial  hooks? 
2.  What  are  the  large  final  hooks?  3.  What  caution  is 
given  in  regard  to  the  formation  of  the  large  hooks?  4. 
Write  the  following  wordsigns:  Because,  principal,  govern, 
afford,  equal ,  United  States,  appear,  call,  never,  practice, 
difficulty. 


IJf    SHORTHAND  103 

LESSON     17. 

CHOICE  OF  STROKE  OR   BRIEF  SIGN. 

202.  As  has  been  taught  in  previous  lessons,  Z,  and  not 
iss,  must  be  used  for  initial  z.     Ex.  \^_  zinc,  ..................  sink, 

y- 

L  .......  zeal,  •?.  .....  seal. 

203.  Use  Hay  after  an  initial  vowel,    before    a  stroke 
followed  by  a  vowel,  before  a  final  vowel,  before  iss,  and 
before  Pet,  Tet,  Chet,  and  Ket  in  verbs   ending   in   these 
half   lengths;  as,   ahead,   hobby,   Omaha,   hasten,   headed, 
hatched.    In  other  cases,  many  generally  omit  7i,  while  some 
freely  use  Choid,  Roid,  or  Poid,  whichever  makes  the  best 
angle.    If  desired  to  express    li  where  neither  Hay  nor   heh 
can  be  used,  place  a  dot  by   the  vowel  following  7t,  as  in 
the  last  syllable  of  hogshead. 


hung   hoax    hogshead    ham   hump    hair   hill    whew   whim 
The  circle  may  be  written  in  place  of  the  hook  on  Hay. 


*  x-- 

Ex.     c5"*       Sahara,   <i\    soho. 

204.  RULE  7.  Halving  must   not  be  employed  in  unusual 
words  nor  in  proper  names  where  it  would  be  difficult  to  tell 

whether  t  or  d  were  intended.   Ex.  Luyden,  ,2.  ......  not  Let-N. 

205.  RULE  8.  Do  not  halve  a  stroke  unless   it  makes  a 
sharp  angle  with  the  stroke  or  strokes  to  which  it  is  joined. 

For  instance,  K  cannot  be  halved  in  (       I  locate,  for  if  it 
were,  the  outline  would  look  like  Lay-K  or  like  Lay  only. 


Tighten  must  be  written  ....J....  T-Ten,  not  Tet-N,  because  the 
joining  in  the  latter  would  be  bad.  Straighten  cannot  be 
written  sTret-N,  but  always  sTr-Ten. 


104  BRIEF    COURSE 

206.  RULE  9.  A  hook  can  never  be  used  for  N  after  a  half 
length.  Add  N,  not  the  hook,  to  cot  for  cotton,  to  got  for 
gotten,  to  fat  for  fatten,  to  glad  for  gladden,  etc.  When  a 
hooked  stroke  is  halved,  the  hook  is  read  before  the  /  or  d, 
never  after  it.  .............  is  gland,  not  gladden. 


............. 

coin    coined    arrive    arrived    clean    cleaned    lined    lighten 

207  It  is  sometimes  more  convenient  to  use  a  brief  sign 
in  the  middle  of  a  word  than  at  its  end.  For  instance, 
defense  should  be  written  Def-Ns  rather  than  D-Fens,  for  the 
sake  of  the  angle. 


I- 

•=TC;- 

dozen  cannon   driven  penance  advocate  define  Providence 

208.  Every  word  should  be  so  written  that  every  impor- 
tant vowel  in  it  may  be  inserted  if  desired,  and  placed  by 
some  stroke.    Hence,  there  must  be  at  least  one  stroke  in 

^ 
every  word,  wordsigns  excepted.     Ex.  ....SLwise.     More  free- 

dom is  allowed  in  the  use  of  a  stroke  for  li,  to  or  y  than  for  s. 
Ex.  .J?,  house,     not  .....  V.;..  r/     or    r     yellow. 

C  A/ 

209.  If  there  is  only  one  consonant  next  to  a  vowel,  that 
consonant  must  be  represented  by  a  stroke.     Thus,  s  is  the 
only  consonant  next  to   the  initial   vowel  in  ask,  the  only 
consonant  next  to  the  final  vowel    in   also}   the  only  con- 
sonant next  to  u  in  Suez;  hence,  S,  not  iss,  must  be  used  in 
these  words. 

210.  RULE  10.  When  a  word  begins  with  a  vowel  sound 
use  a  stroke   for  the  first  consonant.    Ex.  ...)  .......  ask,      > 

awoke,  f     oyer. 


IN   SHORTHAND  105 

211.  RULE  11.  When  a  word  ends  in  a  vowel  sound,  use  a 
stroke  for  the  last  consonant. 


_^  ......    i  %.        \    r\ 

also     Ottawa     Tokyo     coffee     gravy     china     putty     lady 

212.  RULE  12.  When  two  consonants  are  separated  by 
two  vowel  sounds,  both  of  which  are  necessary  to  dis- 
tinguish the  word,  then  both  consonants  must  be  repre- 


sented  by  strokes.    Ex.  A_  Suez;  .J^?.  science,  not 


\  Vv 

pious,  not  ...J? ; _S    fiat,  not .__..  x 

213.  A  brief  sign  at  the  beginning   of  an  outline  shows 
that  there  is  no  initial  vowel.     A  brief  sign,  a  half  length, 
or  a  double  length,  at  the  end  of  an  outline,  shows  that 
there  is  no  final  vowel.     Therefore — 

214.  If  a  word  begins  with  S,  Way  or  Yay,  look  out  for 
an  initial  vowel,  as  in  ..Least;  or,  in  rare  cases,  for  two  vow- 
els after    the  first    consonant,   as    in    )    sciatica,  "\— ^_^ 

Wyoming. 

215.  If  a  word  ends  in  S,  Z,  F,  V,  N,  T  or  D,  look  out 

for  a  final  vowel,  as  in  VJ  policy  or  f  memento;  or  in 

rare  cases,  for  two  vowels  before  the  last  consonant,  as  in 


."..  situate.     Remember  that  the   lack  of  an  angle  or  the 
presence  of  a   brief  sign   in    the    middle  of   a  word  may 


BG 


106 


BRIEF    COURSE 


necessitate  the  use  of  a  following  stroke,  as  in  ...y........ affect 

or  ..  attendant. 


When  there  is 
no  other  conso- 
nant stroke  next 
to  a  vowel,  use 
the  stroke. 


Otherwise,  if 
practicable,  use  the 
brief  method. 


RESUME. 

Hay.     Ex. 

S,  Z.     Ex.     .J.../O' 

Way,  Yay.     ] 

F,  V,  N.     Ex.  /^    \    /"" 

\  \a-^ 

T,  D.     Ex.     V_       I 

Shen.     Ex.      c>  .........7 

Tr,  Dr,  Thr.     Ex. 


.     Ex.....     9    i^  ....J.....-h° L. 


Tick.     Ex. 
Circle 

Semicircle.     Ex .1. 

Small  hook.     Ex J! 

Large  hook.     Ex. ™ 

Half  length.     Ex .fl 

Double  length.     Ex 


IN   SHORTHAND 


107 


24. 


108  BRIEF    COURSE 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Sleep,  asleep,  state,  estate,  spy,  espy,  esteem,  less,  lessee, 
moss,  mossy,  quince,  Quincy,  assume,  ensue,  bias,  pious, 
scion,  science,  chaos,  Seattle,  woke,  awoke,  ward,  award, 
Wyandotte,  Yale,  yeast,  yeas,  Yates,  Tokyo,  stairway, 
Wyoming,  tin,  tiny,  fan,  Fannie,  chin,  china,  cough,  coffee, 
beef,  bevy,  ruin,  Cheyenne,  pit,  pity,  naught,  naughty, 
mud,  muddy,  poet,  fiat,  period,  enter,  entry,  loiter,  lottery, 
center,  sentry,  Utica,  tighten,  straighten,  cotton,  lighten, 
fatten,  define,  advocate,  Providence,  winter,  wintry. 

216.  It  may  be  indicated  by  halving  the  preceding  stroke. 

_v*. V ^ ( _ £N !1_ 

for-it     have-it     to-have-it     think-it     at-it     had-it     from-it     over-it 

>. ^ NE ^ ^_ , 

if-it        if-it-is          if-it-were          I-think-it-is-a         make-it         take-it 
WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 


business  behind  gentleman  consider  begin    begun  began   assist-ed-ance 

3  \  ^  c. 

j        1  j j 

I-did-not          I-do-not     I-had-not  we-did-not  we-do-not    ^vVhad-not 
di'n't  don't         had'n't 

Speed  Sentences: 

<^t          c_          \  Q— * 

We-had-not  begun  our  estimates  when  they  called  yejslerday.    I-had-not  seen  the 

c/._ .?._...     n    x  / v — x       / x    Vn 

gentleman  behind  you.    He  begins  to  assertjliis  supremapy/over-the^)thers.    Have 

•»  l^^^s  v  ....... 

you  ascertained  whether  they-will  continue  another  year?    From-th\eir  remarks  I 


judge  tliey  are  makers  of  fine  pottery.     He  began  as  first  assistant  in  the  business. 


IN   SHORTHAND 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 


109 


v_  ir    1 

H  ^  •  - ^ 


Mr.  John  Dana, 

Hot  Springs,  Ark. 
Dear  Sir: 

Is-your  heating  plant  in  good  condition  for  the  winter? 
You  would  find  it  good  policy  to-have-it  attended  to  very 
soon  and  avoid  the  inevitable  labor  troubles,  freight  block- 
ades, and  other  contingencies,  in  the  fall.  Aside  from  these 


110  BEIEF    COURSE 

very  vexing  delays,  1-kn.ow  I-can  save  you  considerable  in 
the  cost  of  the  work  if-you-will-have-it  done  in-the  near 
future. 

Before  making  any  repairs,  be  sure  to  look  over  my  new 
hot  water  and  steam  heaters,  which-are  made  of  refined 
boiler  steel.  The  saving  in  coke  alone  will  make  an 
exchange  a  matter  of  economy. 

Unless  it  is  convenient  for  you  to  visit  our  office,  write 
us  for  any  particulars  you  may  desire. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Austin, Crozier  &  Co. 

QUESTIONS:  1.  What  is  used  for  initial  z?  2.  Be- 
fore what  strokes  may  heh  be  used.  3.  Give  two  cases 
when  halving  cannot  be  employed,  and  give  examples  in 
each  case.  4.  What  should  be  used  for  n  after  a  half 
length,  and  why?  Give  examples.  5.  Write  cannon, 
driven,  dozen,  locate,  and  state  why  these  words  end  in  a 
stroke  instead  of  a  brief  sign.  6.  Write  wise  and  house, 
and  state  why  the  choice  of  brief  sign  and  stroke.  7.  Why 
is  the  stroke  used  for  s  in  ask,  also,  and  Suez?  8.  Give  the 
four  rules,  with  examples  under  each  rule.  9.  If  a  word 
begins  with  a  brief  sign,  what  is  always  indicated?  10.  If 
a  word  ends  in  a  brief  sign,  what  is  always  indicated? 
11.  What  is  generally  indicated  if  a  word  begins  withS, 
Way  or  Yay?  12.  What  is  generally  indicated  if  a  word 
ends  in  S,  Z,  F,  V,  N,  T,  or  D?  13.  Why  cannot  you 
lengthen  for  tr  in  entry  and  wintry?  14.  What  word  may 
be  added  by  halving? 


IN   SHORTHAND  111 

LESSON       18. 

PREFIXES. 

217.  The  vowel  in  a  prefix  is  known,  and  need  not  be  in- 
dicated   by  position.     The   rest   of   the  word   is   therefore 
generally  placed  in  the  position  of  the  first  prominent  vowel 
after  the  prefix. 

218.  Con,  conn,  com,  comm,  cum,  or  cog  is  represented 
by  writing   the  part  that  follows  con,  com,  etc.,  close  to 
or   below   the   word   or   syllable    which    precedes  it.     Ex. 

^~%    unconcerned,  /.y....  reconciled,  /£,  recommend,  ^5~.. 
in  connection. 

When  this  is  inconvenient  or  unsafe,  a  light  dot  before  the 
stroke  and  in  line  with  it  is  used.  Ex.  -^  cognate. 

Accom  may  be  represented  by  a  heavy  dot,  and  discom 
or  discon  by  D.  Ex.  V_^  accompany,  IL_g  discontinue. 

Write:  Accommodate,  accommodation,  accomplice,  un- 
confessed,  your-communication,  this-conclusion,  in-conclu- 
sion,  recommended,  recognize,  combined,  committees,  com- 
mand, great-confusion,  inconvenient,  incumbent,  incum- 
brance,  disconcert,  discomfit,  discontent. 

219.  Circum  or  self:   Iss    placed  before  the  middle  of  a 
stroke.      Iss    is    joined    in    very    frequent     words.      Ex. 

J 
- 


circumscribe,  A>  self-made,  .-^L...  selfish. 

Write:  Circumspect,  circumspection,  circumvent,  circum- 
vention, circumscribe,  circumference,  self-love,  self-defense, 
self-denial,  self-confident,  self-esteem,  self-condemnad. 


112  BRIEF    COURSE 

220.  Counter,  contra=i=o:    A   light  tick   in   same    place 

T  |CN 

as  con  dot.     Ex.  .........  countermand,  L  contradict,      \  con- 

V^  ) 

troversy. 

Write:  Counterfeit,  countermarch,  counteract,  contradic- 
tion, contraband,  countermine,  countersign,  counterfeiters, 
counterbalance,  counterpart,  contravene,  controvert,  con- 
troversy, countersink,  counterevidence,  controversialist. 

221.  In,  en,  un:  N  when  convenient.     N  curl  before  an  iss 
which  must  be  made  with  a  clock-like  motion,  or  inside  of  an 

1  hook.    Ex.^x  o  inspection/     \  inscribe,  ^   insulation, 

9 
......  S......  unselfish,     T     unsettled. 

Write:  Inception,  instigate,  institution,  instrument,  in- 
struct, enslave,  unseemly,  insulates,  insulation,  insolvent, 
inscription,  uncivilized. 

Inter,  intro,  enter:  Net,  joined  in  common  words.  Ex. 
~~3'  entertain,  L<  introduce. 

Write:  Enterprise,  intercourse,  interest,  interfere,  inter- 
vene, interested,  intercept,  interview,  interpolate. 

222.  Magna=e=i:    M  placed    over    the    following  stroke. 


Ex.  'IP  magnitude,  magnanimity. 

Write:  Magnify,  magnificence,  magnetic,  magnetism, 
magnetize,  magnifier,  magnanimous,  magnanimously. 

223.  Wordsigns:  When  a  wordsign  is  used  as  a  prefix,  it 
must  occupy  its  proper  position,  and  the  rest  of  the  word 
follows  without  regard  to  position.  Ex.  .._.„  onward, 
\^-^/  tomorrow. 

Write:  Almost,  altogether,  forward,  afterward,  afternoon, 
understood,  understand,  goodness,  otherwise,  undertake, 
first-class,  although,  almighty,  undersigned,  good-natured. 


L 


TL 


9 


10 


11 


IN    SHORTHAND 


25. 

3-     0- 
\\  L 


s, 


T 


113 


WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Good-natured,     self-made,     cognizant,    concede,    consist, 

commenced,    contrived,  commune,    commendation,   incum- 
80 


114 


BRIEF    COURSE 


bent,  in-communication,  will-contain,  will-contrive,  self- 
evident,  insulation,  incumbrance,  unseal,  unscrupulous, 
self-same,  self-will,  insulator,  circumspect,  countersink, 
counterplot,  contraband,  magnitude,  magnificent,  insolvency, 
afternoon,  magnesia,  contain,  unselfish,  noncommittal. 

WORDSIGNS. 


man    circumstance    aware    rathen  near  object  subject  objection  men 


X      .     «        N 

,..,-..- i ,\_).         ,  O 

possible        usj       subjection      objecti 


-y-ity 


..^ / 1 U 

ve    >   subjective         danger    L       instruction 
brother  fast          advance 


Speed  Sentences: 

O  V  ^^  ~^-^**^^       v~--__--'7       CL     ^    y 

>-p  \9  s^ ....    _\. x  

d  i 

Under-the-circumstances,    his   objections  are  ratlier  annoying.     Neither  he  nor  I 


were  aware  of  the  danger.     Our  object  is  to  classify  these  subjects  under  appro- 

\   tx       L  ^     S 

priate|heads.    Do-you-understand  what-is  meant  by  the  subjective  nature  of  man? 

26. 


U 


.-<\. 


IN    SHORTHAND 


115 


^ 


......  o 


10 


\ 


r 


11 


BUSINESS  LETTER 


V 


~ 


( 


C 

V      x 


v 


...TIX ^....c  •••* 

\        b 

4  i- 


116  BRIEF    COURSE 


CL^ 


U-p_ 


Mr.  Quinn  Morrison, 

Cheyenne,  Wyoming. 
My  dear  Mr.  Morrison: 

I  have  your-communication  of  the  15th,  concerning  in- 
struments to  be  used  in  installing  our  insulating  plant. 

Our  inspectors  have  looked  into  the  matter  thor- 
oughly, and  find  that  there  is  a  feeling  of  apprehension  on 
the  part  of  several  because  of  a  suit  which  has  been  brought 
against  the  company  offering  to  furnish  these  instruments. 
However,  we  believe  this  difficulty  is  only  temporary,  as  we 
think  there  is  no  danger  of  the  Company's  insolvency.  We 
have  always  found  them  reliable,  and  their  instruments  are 
first-class.  Yet,  under  the  circumstances,  it  behooves  us, 
in  self-defense,  to  be  cautious,  and  I  will  act  only  upon  ad- 
vice of  our  officers. 

Very  truly, 

Potter  Inskeep. 

QUESTIONS.  1.  If  a  word  begins  with  a  prefix,  which 
vowel  governs  the  position  of  the  word?  2.  What  prefix 
may  be  indicated  by  proximity,  i.  e.,  by  writing*  what 
follows  the  prefix  close  to  the  preceding  stroke?  3.  In 


IX    SHORTHAND  117 

what  other  way  may  con,  com,  cog,  etc.,  be  represented? 
4.  Write:  Accompany,  decompose,  disconcert,  inconvenient, 
misconduct,  nonconductor,  recommend,  in  connection, 
commenced,  commune.  5.  How  is  circum  indicated?  6. 
What  other  prefix  may  be  represented  by  the  same  sign? 
7.  When  may  self  be  joined?  8.  What  prefixes  are  indicated 
by  a  detached  tick?  9.  What  is  represented  by  the  n  curl} 
and  when  is  this  curl  used  instead  of  N  ?  10.  What  is 
used  to  indicate  magna-e-i  ?  11.  What  is  said  of  the  position 
of  a  wordsign  used  as  a  prefix  ? 


118  BRIEF    COURSE 

LESSON    19. 

REVIEW  AND  PHRASING. 

224.  Doubling   the   length  of  Emp  makes  it  Emper    or 
Ember.     Doubling  the  length   of   Ing   makes   it  .Inger   or 
Inker.     Doubling  the  length  of  any  other  stroke  adds  tr, 
dr,  or  thr. 

225.  A   final   hook  is  read  after  the  tr,  dr,  or   thr  of  a 
double  length. 

\>         -~      ^  U*"™ "^Vn  o  (.  \  X 

This  winter  is  longer  than  usual,  and  the  temperature  has  been  lower. 

226.  A  large  final  hook  on  the  circle  side  of  any  stroke 
adds  the  sound  of  shun.     A  large  final  hook  on  the  opposite 
side  of  a  straight  stroke  adds  the  sound  of    tive. 

1  J  ^ 

Melancholy   trials    only    served    to    make    him    an    abler, 


more  attractive,  more  reliable  ambassador  for    his   nation. 

227.  Intelligent  phrasing  not  only  adds  to  shorthand  speed , 
but  results  in  greater  ease  and  certainty  in  reading,  and 
should  receive  as  careful  attention  as  the  wordsigns. 

228.  Phrase  only  such  words  as  are  closely  connected  in 
thought,  as  a  pronoun  and  its  verb,  a  verb  and  its  object, 
a  modifier  and  the  word  modified,  a  preposition  and   the 
word  following.     Ex.    ...Lit  was,    C    tell  us,    \-very  good. 

229.  As  previously  directed,  do  not  use  a  dot  for  a,  ant 
and,  or  the  when  a  tick  can  be  conveniently  used. 


IN    SHORTHAND  119 

230.  Remember  that  with  the  exception  of  a,  aw,  and  and, 
the  first  word  of  a  phrase   is  written    in    position    unless 
some  subsequent  word  in  the  phrase  must  be  written  in 

position  in  order  to  be   read  with  certainty.    Ex 1 . and 

it  has  been, /I..,  as  much  as. 

o 

231.  You  should  be  phrased  whenever  convenient,  even  if 
necessary  to  invert  it. 


X 

we  think  you  have     we  hope  you  have     let  you  know     will  you  have     if  you  desire 

232.  Us,  is,  his,  as,  or  has  may  be  represented  by  iss,  or 
by  changing  iss  to  ses.  From  the  context  it  will  be  clear 
which  word  is  represented. 

P          O         O 

b  .00 


give  us      gives  us       tells  us      is  his,       is  as  as  is,   as  has     this  is  a     it  is  his- 

his  is,       his  has     has  as,  has  his 


O.-  ..... 
intention     as  good  as     as  far  as     as  fast  as     as  great  as     as  soon  as     as  has  been 

233.  Not  may  be  represented  by  Net,  or  by  the  n  hook 
and   halving    as  in  "^  or  71   are-not.      In  ...J..  or  -not,  the  n 
hook  alone  is  added  for  not.     Those  who  use  Kent  for  cannot 
must  be  very  careful  to  make  the  half  length  short  enough, 
so  that  there  will  be  no  danger  of  mistaking  it  for  can.     For 
most  persons,  Ken-Net  is  far  safer  than  Kent1  for   cannot. 

£  ^  */>    ..........  .C""^.or..r^  ...........      V. 

I  shall  not    you  will  not     you  are  not  I  cannot  we  have  not 

234.  Use  Poid1,  Choid1,  or  Roid1  for  /,  according  to  con- 
venience, at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase.     It  is  plainer  to  use 
either  Choid  or  the  full  form  before  S  and  Z,  Ar  and  Way. 


120  BUIKF    COURSE 

") 1      "> 


I  say    I  see    I  was     I  remain    I  await    I  am    I  am  not    I  understand 

235.  In  the  middle  or  at   the  end  of  a  phrase,  use  Toid 
or  Koid  for  /.    Use  Toid1  in  I- want,  1- would,  I-sbould. 

236.  Use  Choid2,  Roid2,  or  Poid2  for  he  or  the  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  phrase.     Choid,  Roid,  or  Poid  may  be  used  for 
he  or  the  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  phrase. 

-^  *-.      •• * JL      I •: , 

he  will  not  be      he  is  a      he  has  a      is  he      does  he      was  he      did  he       would  he 

237.  WeL,     weM,    weN    and   weR  are  used  in  many 
phrases  beginning  with  we   or  with.       WeRnt  is  used  for 
were  not. 

CT--V        cr-\  c-?  c^ 
v^                v^ 


with  respect,  with  regard,  with  him,  with  me,  we  may  have,  we  may  not  have,  we  are  not 

t/>  \/,    

we  are  not  inclined     were  not     theywerenot     wewerenot     we  will  not     weinclose 

238.  When  must   is  joined  to  a  following  word,  its  loop 
is  generally  changed  to  a  circle. 


Imusthave,  hemustbe,  you  must  not  do,  we  must,  wemusthave,  wemustbesure 

239.  In  phrasing,  each  small  hook  may  represent  a  word, 
as  follows: 

Than,  own,  or  one  by  the  n  hook.e-i  more  than,  >.   our  own,     I.  at  once 

Of  or  have  by  the  f  or  v  hook.       (,  which  have,  i  .out  of      I      day  of 

;i>  *\ 

which  are,  ./]....  at  our     ••••>.  by  our 

Will  or  all  by  the  1  hook.  f  it  will,         S-^  in  all       -  f-    at  all 

~ 

the  other  one          in  our  letter          it  will  not  be          which  have  been 
number  of  cases       by  all  means          it  will  not  do 


IX   SHORTHAND  121 

240.  These  hooks  are  used  freely  on  ticks  by  some  careful 

writers. 

s             v                                   i>  <\ 

^    <;    />  f      r         j    ;> ^ 

whohavebeen     whowill      whowillhave     whoare       whoarenot         to  our     of  our 
to  all    of  all    allof-have    but  all    but  one     or  of-have     and  of      and  our  own 

241.  Double  a  stroke  for  their,  there,  or  they-are.     After  a 
brief  sign  or  a  half-length  or  double-length  curve,  add  Boid 
or  Joid  for  there  or  they-are. 

242.  There  are  ten  words  in  each  of  the  speed  sentences 
in  this  lesson.     Practice  each  sentence  until  it  is  easy  for 
you  to  write  it  correctly.     Note  how  many  times  you  can 
write  the  sentence  and  write  it  well  in  a  minute.     Try  it  a 
second  minute,  and  note  the  gain.    Practice  each  sentence 
until   you   can   write  it  at  least  ten  or  fifteen  times  in  a 
minute,  i.  e.,  at  the  rate  of  100  to  150  words  a  minute. 

Speed  sentences: 
I  am  sure  we  wish  you  well  in  all  things. 

The  price  is  higher  than  I  am  inclined  to  pay ™ ^ ^  x 

^}    <              ^~^\ 
I  will  say  that  this  is  not  our  own  machine Y_ ^ /...x 

It  will  not  be  any  longer  than  the  other  one \ I.....X 

\          V      , 

In  all  such  cases  they  will  keep  out  of  reach.  _~~Z— D   \     \ I 

) 
I  hope  you  will  see  them  when  they  are  there.~\/C \ x 

I  will  try  to  be  there  as  soon  as  possible. 

Wire  us  at  once  if  there  is  anything  down  there. 

By  all  means  finish  theirs  as  soon  as  you  can.  — 

r\                      V~_Y 
There  may  be  more  than  you  think  in  this  case.     ^"V"~V..o >a — D 

We  have  asked  those  who  are  already  in  our  employ-N^Y ... — 

r;  * 


122 


BRIKF    COURSE 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 


Mr.  C.  Q.  Austin, 

Hartford,  Conn. 
Dear  Sir: 

In  reply  to  your  letter  of  recent  date,  I  will  say  that  the 
price  of  the  Arnold  Machine  is  higher  than  I  am  inclined  to 
pay.  I  am  sure  that  this  is  not  as  good  as  the  other  one 
you  mentioned  in  your  letter  of  the  12th  inst.  In  fact,  it 
will  not  do  the  work  any  better  than  our  own,  nor  is  it 
likely  to  last  any  longer  than  the  old  model.  You  can  tell 
Arnold  Brothers  that  you  have  instructions  not  to  buy  any 
of  their  machines. 

Wire  us  at  once  if   there  is  anything  down  there  for  us. 


IN    SHORTHAND  IZo 

and  I  will  be  there  as  soon  as  possible  to  take  care  of  it.    I 
hope  you  will  see  the  other  solicitors  when  they  are  there. 
They   will  finish  their  canvassing  in  Eastern  New  York  in 
about  three  weeks. 

In  all  such  cases  as  require  immediate  action,  do  not 
hesitate  to  use  your  own  judgment  and  close  the  contract 
as  soon  as  you  can. 

I  think  there  is  a  good  opportunity  to  increase  our  sales 
in  your  territory. 

Wishing  you  well  in  all  things,  I  am, 

Very  truly  yours, 

QUESTIONS.  1.  What  is  the  effect  of  lengthening  Emp? 
2.  What  is  the  effect  of  lengthening  Ing?  3.  What  other 
syllables  are  added  by  lengthening?  4.  Is  a  final  hook 
read  before  or  after  the  ter,  der,  or  ther?  5.  What  strokes 
take  the  shun  hook,  and  on  which  side  of  the  stroke  is  it 
written?  6.  What  strokes  take  the  other  large  final  hook, 
and  what  does  it  represent?  7.  How  does  phrasing  help  in 
shorthand  writing?  Of  what  advantage  is  it  in  reading? 
8.  When  only  should  words  be  phrased?  9.  Which  word 
in  a  phrase  is  generally  written  in  position?  Name  some 
words  that  are  exceptions.  10.  In  what  other  case  is  the 
first  word  of  a  phrase  not  written  in  position?  11.  In  the 
phrase  and  ice  had  not,  which  word  is  placed  in  position? 
12.  What  is  said  of  phrasing  you?  13.  What  may  be 
represented  by  iss  in  phrasing?  14.  How  may  these  words 
be  added  to  iss?  15.  In  what  two  ways  is  not  represented  in 
phrasing?  16.  How  is  are  not  written?  17.  How  is  / 
represented  in  phrasing?  lie  ?  We  or  with  ?  18.  What  is  used 
for  were  not?  19.  WThat  is  the  peculiarity  of  must  in 
phrasing?  20.  What  may  be  represented  by  the  n  hook? 
By  the  f  or  v  hook?  By  the  r  hook?  By  the  1  hook? 


124  BRIEF    COURSE 

LESSON     20. 

AFFIXES. 

242.  A  wordsign   is  often  used  as   an  affix,  disjoined   if 

necessary  for  convenience  or  legibility.  ^Ex.  _ii  ___  hereafter  ; 
^  thereto,    T  thereof,  £    whosoever,  .....  .^rv_....  hereinafter. 

243.  Use    B  for  =ble  or   =bly.      Ex.  ..^.  profitable-y. 

244.  Use  F  for  fore,  either  prefix  or  affix;  f  or  v  hook  or 
F  stroke  for  =full  or  -fully.     Ex.  )  therefore,  \    painful-ly, 
..\    ..  hopeful-ly. 

245.  Instead  of  the  light  -ing  dot,  use 

|V  I 

1.  A  heavy  dot  for  =ings.     Ex....?..  „.  tidings,  I    doings, 

.....  I*,  fittings. 

2.  Light  slanting  tick  for  =ing=lhe.     Ex  .....  I  ._  advertis- 
ing-the. 

3.  Koid  or  Toid  for  =ing=a.    Ex.i  doing-a  .......  \_pack- 

ing-a. 

4.  Joid  or  Boid  for  -ingly.     Ex.     I  exceedingly. 

5.  Iss  for  -bleness,  -fullness,  or  -=someness.     Ex...' 

reasonableness,  ((  healthfulness,  (^    lonesomeness. 

6.  Sez    for    -lessness.     Ex.  ..Q...  thoughtlessness,  ......  \  .....  use- 

lessness.  O 

246.  Represent  =ality,  =ility,  =erity,  or  =arity  by  writing 
the  stroke  which  immediately  precedes  =ality,   etc.,  to  the 
right  and  a  little  below  the  first  part  of  the  word.     Ment  is 
used  for  either  mental  or  mentality. 


A\ 


.      ...      ......... 

frugality  legibility  popularity  prosperity  dexterity  responsibility  instrumental-ity 

247.  Use  iss  for  =self,  sez  for  =selves,  and  Ish  for  =ship, 
detached  when  not  convenient  to  join  them.  a 


IN    SHORTHAND  125 

D 


3; 

myself       himself       one's  self        yourselves       friendship      hardship 

248.  Ology  oralogy  may  be  indicated  by  J,  joined  or  de- 
tached. Soever  is  indicated  by  issV;  or  when  more  con- 
venient, by  writing  iss  beside  the  preceding  part  of  the 
word. 


zoology    physiology    genealogy    wheresoever    howsoever    whosesoever 

249.  Write  a  word  in  full  if  it  is  just  as  easy;  but  if  it  is 
easier  to  write  and  perfectly  legible,  use  the  prefix  or  affix. 
For  instance,  it  is  better  to  write  Bet-Fl  for  beautiful  than 
to  use    the  affix   for   -ful. 

WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Whenever,  hereon,  although,  altogether,  whosoever, 
wheresoever,  attainable,  responsible,  sinful,  watchful, 
wherefore,  successful,  buying-the,  doings,  meetings,  making- 
a,  meeting-his,  meeting-us,  putting-the,  concerning-the, 
having-the,  doing-a,  boastingly,  interestingly,  wittingly, 
knowingly,  legibility,  susceptibility,  peculiarity,  similarity, 
frugality,  credibility,  instrumentality,  lovingly,  myself, 
themselves,  ourselves,  yourself,  herself,  himself,  yourselves, 
kinship,  township,  apprenticeship,  blushingly,  friendship, 
accountable,  posterity,  hospitality,  honorable,  remarkable, 
lawful,  facing-the,  tracing-the,  exceedingly. 

250.  When  the  sound  of  shun  follows  iss  or  the  ns  circle, 
it   is   indicated   by  continuing  the  line  of   the  circle  until 
it  forms  a  hook  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stroke,  as   in 

1  decision,  |  condensation.  This  hook  is  called  eshun. 
A  vowel,  i,  e,  or  a,  alwaj^s  come's  between  the  s  and  the  slnm 
when  eshun  is  used.  I  is  indicated  by  a  light  dot  placed 


126  BRIEF    COURSE 

before  the  combined    circle  and   hook;    e  and  a  are  placed 
after  the  combined  circle  and  hook. 


*. 


f 
physician   musician  sensations    procession   sensational    generalization 

251.  The  eshun  hook  is  used  in  words  ending  in  the  sound 
of  sishun,  seshun,  sashun,  or  similar  syllables  with  z  in  place 
of  s.     It  is  used  only  after  a  circle  or  loop.     The  large  hook 
for  shun  is  used  only  after  a  stroke,  and  in  only  a  few  cases 
after  the  stroke  S;  never  after  iss. 

'^   JV.     1  d~-       3      X* 

option     opposition     transition    mission     circumcision    association    pronunciation 

WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Compassion,  composition,  fashion,  physician,  action, 
accession,  accusation,  instruction,  decision,  decisions, 
inscription,  condensation,  musicians,  disposition,  dis- 
possession, dispensation,  transitions,  transitional,  sens- 
ational, imposition,  session,  concession,  cessation,  secession, 
organization,  intercession,  contrition,  pronunciation. 

252.  Nr  may  be  used  for  in  re  in  such  phrases  as 
in  reply  to,  .^!^"..  in  regard  to,  etc. 

WORDSIGNS  AND  PHRASES. 

r 


accord        through     deliver    toward    influence   influenced    influences    information 
-ing-ly 

JZ  .........  H!  ................  if  ...................  >        \       °b  .... 

describe    descriptive    description    experience    experienced    experiences    somewhat 


in    response,       in    relation,       in    reference,       we   are    in    receipt    of    your   letter 


IN   SHORTHAND 


Speed  sentences: 


127 


I/  mm o  x 

In  response  to  .your  request,     we  will  immediately  deliver  the  goods. 

jnlfL.    >. ...       _  c/<" —     /L ...  1 

\  <*> 

Inclosed  is  our  descriptive  circular,   which  will  give  you  the  desired 

information.     He  is  a  man  of  influence  and  experience,  and  we  wish 
\f  <=~  ° 

you  to  daal  with  him  accordingly.      His  manner  toward  us  is  somewhat  offensive. 

BUSINESS   LETTER. 

— =      ^^ 

b   ^y ' 

f  JS^ 

\     (  /^   <N  r 


128 


BRIEF    COURSE 


Mr.  James  L.  Ware, 

2722  Ivanhoe  Av.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Dear  Sir: 

We  note  that  you  have  made  a  sale  of  real  estate,  and 
would  invite  your  attention  to  the  desirability  of  reinvesting 
in  good  bonds  of  this  or  some  other  municipality.  They 
require  very  little  time  or  attention,  are  readily  convertible 
into  cash,  and  can  be  purchased  on  such  terms  that  they 
will  not  only  yield  a  good  rate  of  interest,  but  will  also 
improve  in  value. 

The  popularity  of  this  class  of  investments  is  increasing, 
and  through  our  instrumentality  several  of  your  neighbors 
have  made  exceedingly  profitable  purchases. 

We  are  not  serving  an  apprenticeship  in  this  business,  but 
have  for  years  been  purchasing  bonds  suitable  for  such 
investments,  and  can  therefore  unhesitatingly  assure  you  of 
better  terms  than  can  usually  be  secured  in  the  general 
market. 

We  inclose  a  partial  list  of  what  we  are  now  in  position  to 


IN    SHORTHAND  129 

offer,  and  we  shall  be  pleased  to  serve  you  for  a  very 
reasonable  compensation.  If  not  convenient  for  you  to  call 
upon  us,  we  will  have  one  of  our  representatives  visit  you 
and  ascertain  your  decision. 

Assuring  you  of  the  reliability  of  any  information  we  may 
give  you  concerning  an  investment  of  this  nature,  and 
promising  strict  fidelity  in  any  dealings  you  may  intrust  to 
us,  we  are, 

Respectfully  yours, 

QUESTIONS.  1.  What  is  said  of  wordsign  affixes?  2. 
What  may  represent  -ble  or  -bly?  3.  What  may  be  used  for 
-fore?  What  for  -ful  or  -fully?  4.  What  six  signs  may  be 
written  instead  of  the  ing  dot,  and  what  is  represented  by 
each  sign?  5.  How  may  -ality,  -ility,  -erity,  or  -arity  be 
represented?  6.  What  maybe  used  for  -self?  F 'or  -selves? 
For  -ship?  7.  How  may  -ology  or  -ulogy  be  indicated?  8.  In 
what  two  ways  may  -soever  be  represented?  9.  When 
should  a  word  be  written  in  full,  and  when  should  a  prefix 
or  affix  be  used?  10.  How  is  the  eshon  hook  made?  11. 
What  vowels  may  precede  eshon,  and  how  may  each  one 
be  indicated?  12.  How  can  you  tell  when  to  use  eshon 
and  when  to  use  the  shun  hook?  13.  What  may  be  used 
to  represent  in-re-  ?  14.  Write  the  following  wordsigns  and 
phrases:  Influence,  influenced,  influences,  deliver,  infor- 
mation, accordingly,  toward,  describe,  descriptive,  descrip- 
tion, somewhat,  deal,  experience,  experienced,  experiences, 
in  reference,  in  relation,  in  response,  we  are  in  receipt  of  your 
letter. 

9  G 


130  BRIEF    CODRSE 

LESSON     21. 

EXCEPTIONS. 
253.  It  is  sometimes  necessary  to  write  Est  up. 


_>  x 

Among  the  excursionists  was  one  of  the  finest  elocutionists  I  have  ever  heard. 

254.  When  a  light  and  a  heavy  stroke   join   without  an 


angle,  as  in._._x^Z!T.  catalog  or 


data,  make  the  change  in  the 


shading  gradual,  not  abrupt.  Write  both  strokes  quickly, 
as  if  they  were  but  a  single  stroke,  and  it  will  be  found 
easy  to  shade  properly. 

Write:  Ditto,  tidy,  foggy,  figs,  diet,  duet,  toady, 
victor,  victory,  logs,  kegs,  Chicago,  detain,  Dayton,  radiate, 
always,  severe,  among. 

255.  For  the  sake  of  legibility,  a  double  letter  is  some- 
times represented  by  two  strokes  instead  of  one.     Ex 

evenness,    6  solely.       This   exception   applies   only    to 

derivatives,  and  is  often  used  to  distinguish  a  negative  from 

a  positive  word.    Ex.  v_P    necessary ;v_^_P     unnecessary 

^~—^\  ^—^-^ 

^,  natural, x_^-<  unnatural,       t)  noticed,  o  unnoticed. 

256.  The  pen  may  sometimes  be  lifted  in  the  middle  of  an 
outline,  and  the  latter  part  of  the  word  lapped  by  the  first 
part  to  show  their  connection. 

^v P   ^ — p       C             C             //* —                                    <\  f^s 

\     'I      '    \    \  ^ -^v--\-- — ••  v-~~~K 

I  I,      TI  -| 

attitude       institute       substitute       rewritten        architecture          badness 

prepaid       instituted      substituted     architect  brightness       unmindful 


IN    SHORTHAND  131 

257.  Unless  there  is  a  final  vowel,  El  should  be  used  after 
F,  V,  and  Ray.  As  stated  previously,  El  is  generally  used 
after  N  and  Ing,  whether  there  is  a  final  vowel  or  not. 


-> 


foil    filed     veils    refutal    burial     unlawful      intellectual     individual 

258.  When  I  comes  between  an  initial  vowel  and  a 
horizontal  stroke,  use  El  to  indicate  that  the  word  begins 
with  a  vowel. 


The  Elks  had  an  elegant  illumination  in  Illinois  recently.      Elongated  eloquenceC?) 

259.  El  may  be  used  when  more  convenient  than  Lay. 
C L? ^        (L,         y- 

lesson    license      friendly    alcohol    sensational 

260.  El  may  be  used  in  unusual  or  conflicting  words  to 
indicate  that  there  is  an  initial  vowel  before  I,  or  that  there 
is  no  final  vowel  after  I. 


(T 


•f 


oldest     latest     legal     illegal     legible     illegible     elucidate 

261.  In  all  other  cases  use  Lay.     El  is  never  used  as  the 
only  stroke  in  a  word. 

/°  /°^> 

/°  ./>  ./^          S~  /         /^T~\  I  I 

l    ./?.. (          (      4/oiv    .A !. 

alone      Allen      Ellen     else      elsewhere     align      alignment 

WRITING   EXERCISE 

Elm,  lame,  alum,  Elmira,  like,  alike,  Alleghany,  alimony, 
luminous,    legation,     allegation,     alligator,    legible,   alkali, 


132  BRIEF    COURSK 

alumni,  Eleanor,  Illinois,  electro,  elector,  election,  elective, 
electric,  elbow,  alabaster,  continental,  aluminum,  fuel, 
vowel,  file,  vile,  tinfoil,  squeal,  elimination,  illumination, 
Alexander,  Alexandria,  Alma  Mater,  alcohol,  squall, 
elementary,  alliance,  elocution,  elucidate,  elocutionists, 
elocutionary,  electoral,  oleander,  ultimate,  ultimatum, 
almanac,  eloquence,  legacy,  avail,  vial,  violin,  whirl,  whirl- 
wind, swirl,  twirl,  license,  licensed,  elucidation,  alimentary. 

262.  With  the  exception  of  very  frequent  words  like  about, 
added,  and  avoid,  which  can  be  easily  read,  halving  is  not 
employed  in  words  consisting  of  two  vowels  and  only  one 
consonant  besides  t  or  d. 


A -f >\ 


acid     aside      obeyed       allied      solid       await       avoid       afraid       edit       added 

263.  There  are  a  few  words  in  which  a  half  length  may 
be  joined  without  an  angle,  because  it  is  made  distinct  by 
its  hook,  its  shading,  or  by  the  opposite  direction  of  its 
curve. 


vacant     coward    feared     midnight     handmade     sentiment 

264.  F  or  v  may  be  added  to  a  few  curves  by  a  thin  hook, 
made  half  as  long  as  the  stroke  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
n  hook. 


thief    faithful      thankful      they  have       they  have  been      navigation 

265.  The  small  1  and  r  hooks  may  be  used  with  Chay,  J, 
K,  Gay,  and  generally  with  Ish,  in  words  of  frequent  oc- 
currence, even  though  a  prominent  vowel  intervenes.  By 


IN    SHORTHAND  133 

remembering  this  exception,  the  student    can  write  from 

principle   many   words   which   are    usually   memorized   as 

/? 
wordsigns.     Ex. child,    <r-  court.      But    if    there    is    a 

final  vowel  after  I  or  r,  the  hook  cannot  be  used.     Ex.l_. 

chilly. 

266.  The   double    consonants    formed    from    these    five 
strokes  can  be  safely  used,  because  the  words  represented 
by  each  outline  are  so  few  that  the  context  will   easily 
determine  which  word  is  meant. 

267.  A  reporter   seldom   vocalizes  these  words,    writing 
longer  outlines    in  cases  of  uncertainty  in  preference   to 
taking  the  time  necessary  to  insert  a  vowel.     If,  however, 
vocalization  is   desired,  an  intervening  dot  vowel  may  be 
indicated  by  writing  a  circle  instead  of  a  dot  in  first,  second, 

or  third  place,  as  the  case  may  be.  Ex.  _£_  chill,  cXV  shelf, 
*— — ,  gallon.  If  convenient,  write  the  circle  before  the 
stroke  for  a  heavy  dot,  but  after  it  for  a  light  dot.  Ex. 

o 

.!ZT....keel , ...  JlZJkill . 

268.  Dash  vowels  and  diphthongs  are  written  across  the 
stroke  unless  prevented  by  the  presence  of  a  circle,  loop, 
or  hook.     In  such  case,  the  vowel  is  written  just  before  or 

just  after  the  stroke,  as  required.     Ex.c_j_  coal,        \.  north, 


Charles   cheers    the   Chairman.     George    Gilmore's    figures     are   carefully  made 

269.  In  rare  cases,  and  where  there  would  be  no  sacrifice 
of  legibility,  the  hook  for  I  or  r  may  be  used  with  other 
strokes  than  the  five  mentioned  above,  in  order — 


134  BRIEF    COURSE 

1.  To  prevent  an  awkward  joining,  as  in  ^7^,  engineer. 

2.  To  shorten  an  outline  which  can /"be  easily  read  by 

its  consonants  alone,  as  in  *\f      parallel. 

3.  To  give  a  word  a  more  distinct  and  legible  outline, 

as    in    V      barrel.     B-Rel    is  not  a  good  outline 
for    barrel,    because    in  rapid    work    it     may   be 
mistaken   for  B-Shl,  bushel. 
p  v  \       n     Q D  t\  /o  \  P    \     9  \  K — 3 

(L-x X o x, VI ^L* b  v * 

Telephone  for  a  carload  of  charcoal,  six  bbl.   of  sugar,  and  twelve  bu.  of  corn. 

270.  If   two  vowels   are  placed  on   the  same  side  of  a 
stroke,   the    one  next  to   the  consonant  may   be   written 
nearer  the  stroke,  as  in  ^[j>  Owens, rp*  cameo. 

271.  Weh  may  be  written  in  place  of  a  dot  vowel,  and 
wuh  in  place  of  a  dash  vowel,  to  indicate  that  w  precedes 
the  vowel. 

v  n 

dwell  twist  squeak  squabble  quibble  quote  quorum  dissuade  persuasion  acquiesce 

272.  The   sign          may   be  changed  to  L    for     w,     as 

lu 
in..!:...  twice. 

273.  Yeh  may  be  joined  to  the  stroke,  or  yuh  may  be 
written  in   the   vowel  place,  to  indicate  i  or  e  followed  by 

another  vowel,  as  in/p^^u ammonia, \/  Peoria,  r  India, 
^\n  area,  ^>  or  ^- ^~-^-  onion.  The  caret  <  may  be  writ- 
ten in  place  of  a  heavy  dot,  or  >  in  place  of  a  heavy  dash, 
to  indicate  that  the  long  vowel  is  followed  by  a  short  vowel. 


clayey    snowy     Louis     atheist       Noah  doughy      Deity 


IN   SHORTHAND  135 

274.  The  first  syllable  of  a  word  is  often  enough  to  sug- 
gest the  whole  word.  Thus,  gov.  may  be  used  for  govern, 
governed,  or  government;  accord,  for  according  or  accordingly. 


We   shall   prob.   pub.    a   list   of    the   prop,    holders   whom   you  rep. 

275.  Sometimes  the  last  syllable  of  a   word  is  indicated 

as  well  as  the  first,  to  make  the  word  plainer.     Thus,  /  o 

representative,  /\j  representation.  This  principle  of 
abbreviation  may  be  applied  by  each  stenographer  to  his 
special  line  of  business,  provided  he  confines  it  to  words  in 
every-day  use  and  to  words  that  can  be  correctly  and 
instantly  read  when  shortened. 

Many  write  put,  about,  and  clovbt  entirely  under  the  line, 
to  distinguish  them  from  other  half  lengths. 

WORDSIGNS   AND   PHRASES 

\       \    \   <\     — 


publish-ed     proper  property  correct  represent  representation 

public-Iy-icity  probable-ly-ility     character  representative 


p  ..........    1_  .....  I 

I 

tisfy-  in  consid 

-actory  I  should 

Speed   Sentences' 


satisfy-  in  consideration  in  order  to        in  order  that 

ied-actory  I  should       correspond-ence  superintendent  there-will-be 


They  will  probably  publish  a  list  of  the  different  properties 

\  V  I  <r~  /\  ^ 

V.  >=>     x  b  /•    \->  ••• 

s  K  .........         *  •   •    *  •— 


we  have  for  sale./) It   is  a    correct  representation  of  his 


character.     We  are  sure  oun  representative  will  represent  us 


136 


BRIKF    COURSE 


V          ~\ 


properly.     In  compliance  with  your  request,  will  visit  you 

I  f         ^V 

X  b  c e==i  V>        /... X 

shortly.     It  is  quite  characteristic  of  this  individual. 
BUSINESS  LETTER. 

f 


# — °      r     c 


\ru-~~v 


C 


IN    SHORTHAND  13' 

yl   \    I          /  -^  1 

_ /. A       J       X      n      /  -A C7b  ,       C 


C         I  _   v        —  f       ; 

N        x 

V_A....  ....)         Ir  --  P      X          C  6 

K 


Mr.  George  W.  Churchill, 

1004  N.  Garfield  Av.,  City. 
My  dear  Mr.  Churchill: 

I  note  from  your  correspondence  that  you  were  not 
pleased  with  the  Cornellsville  Coal  you  procured  last  winter 
from  my  partner  and  myself.  While,  as  you  will  recall,  we 
told  you  we  could  not  guarantee  this  coal,  we  did  regard  it 
as  first-class,  but  were  disappointed. 

Now,  in  order  that  you  may  be  thoroughly  satisfied,  I 
should  like  to  furnish  you  a  carload  of  what  is  called  the 
"Corning  Lump.  "  I  will  personally  take  care  of  your  order, 
and  can  guarantee  this  coal  as  absolutely  reliable. 

As  you  of  course  realize,  there  will  soon  be  a  sharp  ad- 
vance in  prices  of  both  coal  and  charcoal,  on  account  of  the 
strikes  in  the  northern  fields.  You  cannot  afford  to  ignore 
these  conditions,  and  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  the  low 
prices  you  will  want  to  lay  in  a  supply  of  coal  at  once. 

In  consideration  of  your  former  large  orders,  we  quote 
you  the  following  unparalleled  prices  for  immediate  deli  very: 

Furnace  size     .....    $6.75  per  ton 
Stove        "       .....      7.00     "     " 

As  a  rule,  our  customers  get  coal  direct  from  the  mines, 
and  not  coal  that  has  been  in  stock  for  several  months. 
Shall  we  telegraph  today  for  a  carload  for  you  ?  If  so, 
telephone  us. 

Yours  truly, 

Charles  Goldman. 


138  BRIEF    COURSE 

QUESTIONS.  1.  How  is  Est  sometimes  written?  2.  What 
is  said  of  the  shading  in  such  words  as  data,  Jigs,  etc.?  3.  In 
what  class  of  words  is  a  double  letter  sometimes  represented 
by  two  strokes,  and  why?  4.  Write:  Prepaid,  rewritten,  atti- 
tude, institute,  unmindful.  Tell  what  is  peculiar  about 
these  words?  5.  After  what  strokes  should  El  be  used  when 
there  is  no  final  vowel?  6.  When  should  El  be  used  at  the 
beginning  of  an  outline,  and  for  what  purpose?  7.  In  what 
other  cases  may  El  be  used?  8.  When  should  El  never  be 
used?  9.  How  is  aside  written,  and  why?  10.  How  are  added 
and  about  written?  11.  When  only  can  a  half  length  be 
joined  without  an  angle?  12.  What  strokes  may  take  the 
small  1  and  r  hooks  even  though  a  vowel  intervenes,  and 
when?  Why  is  this  liberty  allowed?  13.  How  may  an 
intervening  dot  vowel  be  represented?  14.  Where  should 
an  intervening  dash  vowel  or  diphthong  be  written?  15. 
When  only  may  the  small  1  or  r  hook  be  used  on  other 
strokes  regardless  of  the  intervening  vowel,  and  for  what 
three  reasons?  16.  When  necessary  to  place  two  vowels 
on  the  same  side  of  a  stroke,  how  should  they  be  written? 
17.  Write:  Ammonia,  India,  area.  State  the  peculiarity 
of  these  words?  18.  Where  is  the  diphthong  I  sometimes 
written?  19.  Name  some  longhand  abbreviations  that 
are  also  used  in  shorthand.  20.  What  syllable  is  often 
added  to  the  abbreviation  to  make  the  word  plainer? 
21.  Write:  Publish,  probable,  represent,  correct,  public,  repre- 
sentation, publicity,  popularity,  character,  probability,  rep- 
resentative, publicly,  in  consideration,  in  order  that,  in 
order  to. 


IN   SHORTHAND 


139 


LESSON     22. 

REVIEW  AND  MISCELLANY. 

277.  Review  the  large  hooks,  the  prefixes,  and  the  affixes; 
then  read  and  transcribe  the  exercise  below.  Write  it  in 
shorthand  from  the  transcript,  then  compare  with  the 
printed  shorthand.  Repeat  this  process  until  you  have 
mastered  the  exercise. 


140  BlUKF    COCRSK 

COMPLETE  RULES  FOR  AR  AND  RAY. 

278.  Unless  Ar  would  make  an  inconvenient  joining,  use 
Ar  whenever  a  syllable  sounds  more  like  Ar;  as, 
1.  When  the  word  begins  with  vowel-r. 
2.   When  a  word  ends  in  final  r. 


arrears  European  orations  Irish  arbitrary  armature  flier  lower  whaler 

279.  Use  Ar  between  an  initial   and  a  final   vowel.      Ex. 

•"N  -"V  "V-.  ,  ^n 

Erie,    era         '.     Ira     ^\airy,     *>    area. 

280.  Use  Ar  whenever  Ray  would  make  an  inconvenient 
joining,  especially  before  M  and  Emp. 


redeemable      remittance      return      retail      resumption      retrospect       retrograde 


281.  Unless  Ray  would  make  an  inconvenient  joining,  use 
Ray  whenever  the  syllable  sounds  more  like  Ray;  as, 

1.  When  a  word  begins  with  initial  r. 

2.  When  a  word  ends  in  r- vowel. 


ratify      rivet      rental      rosary      reserve      reverie      rotary      raillery 

282.  Use  Ray  whenever  Ar  would  bring  the  outline  too 
far  below  the  line,  or  when  Ar  would  make  an  inconvenient 
joining,  as  after  M,  Emp,  Ray  and  Hay,  or  before  T,  D, 
Chay,  J,  F,  V,  Ith,  The,  N,and  Ing. 


. >f  A 

artistic     arch     urge     earth     ornamental      rarer    prepare    horizontal 


IN   SHORTHAND  141 

284.  Reporters  do  not  always  agree  in  their  choice  of  Ar 
or  Ray.     The  general   practice,  however,  is  to  regard  the 

/^"^ 
angle  of  greater  importance  in  common  words,  as  in  / 

earnest;  but  to  regard  the  vowel  of  greater  importance  in 
less  frequent  words,  as  in""^  or  v_ Orient.  Where  authorities 
differ,  it  is  wise  for  the  individual  to  follow  his  natural 
inclination  and  use  that  outline  which  is  easiest  for  him  to 
write,  provided  it  is  also  easy  to  read. 

285.  As  far  as  practicable,  the  form  of  a  primitive  word 
should  be  retained  in  its  derivatives.     Thus:  /"} 


found   founder    foundry    foundation    continue   continued    alteration 

286.  A   derivative  is  written  unlike  its  primitive  when 
necessary  to  secure  a  good  joining  or  to  distinguish  between 
words  containing  the  same  consonant  sounds.     Thus: 

)     ^      )      3  / 

1  J  <—•  CN  f\  / 

See        seen        assign        assignor        approve        approval         chiefly 

287.  Conflicting  words  may  be  distinguished, 

1.  By  an  arbitrary  or  a  natural  difference  in  their 
outlines;  as  ....!/....  gentleman,  £  agent. 

2.  By    a    difference    in  position;  as  .^1^.. migrate, 

^-^c-  emigrate. 

3.  By   vocalizing   one    of  the    words;  as  *\  upper, 
\  principal. 

288.  OMISSIONS.    TF,  yt  and  h  are  the  consonants  most 
frequently  omitted.      K  and  Gay  are  often  omitted  after 
Ing,  as  well  as  in  words  beginning  with  ex. 


142  BRIEF    COUKSE 


junction         sanction          bank         distinguish          anxious 

289.  Where  st  occurs  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  the  t  is 
often  omitted. 


L 

t 


postpone   postal  card  mostly  mistaken  westward  earnestly    testify 

290.  P  may  often  be   omitted  after  m,  as   in  L^  tempt, 
.<5"~D    consumption.     P  is  also  omitted  in        \  capable. 

°\ 

291.  R  may  be   omitted  in  C   southern  and  _  __  surprise 

292.  Any  consonant  may  be  omitted  if  it  is  but  slightly 
sounded  or  if  its  insertion  is  difficult,  provided  the  remaining 
consonants  are  sufficient  to  determine  the  word  with  ease 

and  certainty.    Thus,  I  is  omitted  in  ^  intelligent,  n  in  J-° 
transgress,    J-^3  transaction,  J  —  »    transcribe,  )J  _  identical, 
\>  passenger. 

293.  The  syllables   most    frequently    omitted    are    the 
adverbial  termination  ly,  the  final  syllables  of  a  long  word, 
and  con  or  com  in  words  of  very  frequent  occurence.     Ex. 

______  ..........  in  consequence,  "3^  and  contents  noted,  /I  recon- 

\.  0  o  i 

sider,  ..  Y  positive-ly,  No  substantial-ly,  v_y   sufficient-ly. 

__  v^         _.L_  .......  ^L.  ....... 

The  postmaster  comprehends  the  situation,  and  consequent- 


__  . 

v- 

ly  is  well  qualified  to  deal  with  the  Express  Company. 


IN    SHORTHAND 


143 


294.  In  phrasing,  any  word  may  be  omitted  which  must 
and  will  readily  be  supplied  to  complete  the  sense,  as  to  in 

phrases  like in  regard  to,  ^—\S    in  relation  to,  etc. 


two  or  three,  more  or  less,   by  and  by,  in  a  few  "frays,  in  the  first  place,  in  regard  to 


your  request,  with  resp?ct  to  your  statement,  with  reference  to  this  requirement 

II 


„ _ > — ^s 

er    again,  now    and v then,     frc 


sooner    or     later,     over     and    over    again,  now    and V then,     from    day   to    day 

A  few  words  may  be  indicated  by  intersections,  as  follows: 


book  agent  War  Dept.  Oil  Co.  Missionary  Society       "    Gen.  Supt. 

news  agent  book  dept.    Traffic  Assn.  Pacific  R.  R. 

Write  the  following  phrases  on  a  card  and  keep  them  with 
you  for  reference  until  you  know  them. 

Your  favor,  your  valued  ^    If  When  it  was,  where  it,      __ 

favor,  how  much,  \  VfV" y      in  its,  there  had  been, 

~  '  .    -  n          c 

talk  it,  which  will  have          (,     \          J 


very  much,  too  much,  it 
is  said,  for  instance, 


next  day,  in  some  cases,  ,/> 
in  his  way,  is  it,  as  it,          | 

as  it  is  important, 
as  it  is  impossible, 


wo  hope  to  have,  we  can, 


lf-^    Q^  )  )     we  remain,  we  may  be,  ... 
we  have  been, never  been, 


having  been,  had 
the  first,  the  seco 


been,      \»      I 
nd,  i"J ' 


as  it  has  been,  as  it 
seems  to  me,  as  it  was, 

I  think  it  is  a,  which 
would  be,  it  would  be, 

which  had  been,  they 


cL..dr-S~^ 

4 / i 


would  do,  they  had  done,'"^"'"  C ( 

it  ought  to  be,  it  will         L  Co 


as  there  had  been,  was   ...\ i _s_ 

there  nothing,  with  our,    )x     £__^ 

is  there  anything,  in        ..^..t.^^f^\... 
their  own,  of  their  own, 

at  first,  at  last, 
at  least,  at  length, 


have  to  be,  of  all  its, 


*" x 


at  all  events,  at  all 
times,  at  any  rate, 


144  BRIEF    COURSE 

295.  INITIALS.    It    is   safer   to    write   most    initials    in 
shorthand  than  in  longhand.     Use  Ray  for  R,  and  Gay  for 

G.     Use  ...L, n  , D  for  C,  Q,  and  X;  or  better  still,  write 

these  in  longhand  small  letters.     Do  not  take  time  to  write 
capital  letters  when  taking  dictation. 

296.  NUMBERS.  When  alone, <^_^  one  and six  should 

always  be  written  in  shorthand.     It   is  better  to  write  the 
following  also  in  shorthand: 

v  0   vv    J     £'/.»,       5 

2       3       4       5        10        12       first       second       third       sixth       tonth 

297.  Numbers  consisting  of  two  or  more  figures  are  written 
entirely  in  figures,  with  two  exceptions: 

1.  When  a  number  ends  in  two  ciphers,  the  wordsign 

for  hundred  should  be  used  in  place  of  the  ciphers. 
In  like  manner,  thousand  is  used  for  three  ciphers, 
and  million  for  six  ciphers. 

c; ^     s  ^          7(  £3  ^s  c:~^i 

100         200         7,000         2,300  100,000         9,000,000 

2.  Twenty,  thirty,  etc.,  may  be  written  as  follows: 

/  M3 
0  <nf     \ 

298.  PHRASING.  Every  profession  has  its  technical  terms 
and  peculiar  phrases.     These  should  be  written  in  full  until 
the  writer  becomes  familiar  with  them,  when  they  may   be 
abbreviated  or  phrased  with  safety  and  advantage.     Thus 
the  sermon  reporter  may  write       V^>  kingdom  of  Heaven, 
/'children  of  Israel;  the  law  reporter  may  use  such  phrases  as 

\  what  is  your  business,  </f  where  do  you  reside,  or 
sworn  and  examined. 


IN   SHORTHAND  145 

299.  Occasionally  a  special  phrase  should  be  formed  for  a 
special  occasion,  as  when  a  long  and  difficult  combination  of 
words  is  frequently  repeated.     Thus,....x^._may  be  used  for 

New  York  Central  R.  R.  Co.,  r  for~Lake  Shore  and 
Michigan  Southern  R.  R.  Co.  The  phrase  should  be  written 
in  full  in  the  margin  of  the  notes  near  its  first  insertion. 

300.  Court   reporters  enlarge  and  slant   with,  were,  what, 

and  would,  to  indicate  an  added  you,     Yrf. with  you, 

C...were  you, what  you....O...would  you;  n  is  you  were  or 

you  would. 

RESUME  OF  APPENDAGES. 

r  i  p  b  t  i  b  1  r  r  n<i'i  i. 

JJdJdl  1        t      I,       J        J        I     J        P     1    1        I 

301.  All  of  the  appendages  that  can  be  joined  to  a  straight 
stroke,  are  given  above   with  T  as  a  sample  stroke.     The 
stroke  Lay  is  given  below  with  the  appendages  that  may  be 
added  to  a  curve. 

c  r  £  s°  r  /* 

/?       S3 

302.  Give  the   names   of  these  signs  as  far  as  you   can 
without   referring   to   the   key.     In    the    key,  strokes   are 
represented  by  capitals,  and  the  appendages  by  small  letters. 

Key:  iss-T,  Tees,  sez-T,  Teesez,  steh-T,  Teest,  Teester, 
weh-T,  Tl,  sTL  Tr,  sTr,  sezTr,  Tef,  Tefs,  Ten,  Tens, 
Tensez,  Tenst,  Tenster,  Tet,  Tets,  Teft.  Tefts,  Tent,  Tents, 
Teeshun,  Teetive,  Tier,  Trel,  Teesishun,  Tehsishun. 

Iss-Lay,  Lays,  sez-Lay,  Laysez,  steh-Lay,  Layst,  Layster, 
weL,  Len,  Lens,  Let,  Lets,  Lent,  Lents,  Layshun,  Layther, 

Laysishun. 

10  G 


146  BRIEF    COURSE 

GENERAL   RULES. 

303.  When  writing  new  matter,  use  the  briefer  signs — 
circles,    semicircles,    loops,    and    hooks,    also    halving    or 
lengthening — unless  there  is  a  reason  for  not  using  them. 

304.  Use  I  for  -  ted,  and  I  for  -ded,  detached  when  there 
is   no    angle,  or  use  the  light    tick    for    ~ed,  as    is    most 
convenient. 

305.  Write  a  long   word   one  syllable    at   a    time,  dis- 
regarding the  less  important  vowels,  and  dividing  the  word 
according   to   convenience  without  reference   to  the  usual 
method.    Thus,    cantaloupe  should    be  divided    into    two 
syllables,  cant-loupe,  and  written  Kent-Lay-P.     The   five- 
syllabled    word   documentary   is   changed    into  the   three- 
syllabled  dok-ment-ry.     In  this  way,  a  long  word  becomes 
nothing    more    than    two    or    three    short   words    joined 
together.     Omit  obscure  consonant  sounds,  especially  when 
it  would  be  difficult  to  insert  them;  write  the  prominent 
consonant  sound  plainly,  and,  if  necessary,  insert  a  vowel 
to  make  the  word  easily  read. 


Use  —  /—  for  a  dash,  and  rLJj  for  a  parenthesis. 
WORDSIGNS. 


) 


^7  ~7 


astonish       establish     wisher     spirit     knowledge     notwithstanding     whoever 
-ed-ment    -ed-mpnt  assure     start        acknowledge      nevertheless  have  been 

Speed  sentences: 


i 

Notwithstanding      all       reports,     I     am      astonished      at       the     elegance       and 


x 

enterprising     spirit      of     the     establishment.        Nevertheless,      I      can      assure- 

..............  ^_      v      i     i     j^>x  .............  :  ........  X_ 

you    that-we-have-no    knowledge    whatever    of    this    transaction.        We    hereby 


IX    SHORTHAND 


14; 


r 

acknowledge-reccipt-of    your    valued    favor.     \\  hoever   has    had   chargu    of   tliiu- 


department     has     been     faithful    and     trustworthy    from     start    to    finish.      As- 


there    haslbeen    a    deficiency    in-some-cases,   we-inctoee     statement.       Continuing 

X 


your    well-wisher    and    friend,     I    am    sincerely  yours.      Is-there-anytliing-more? 

BUSINESS  LETTER. 

1 


148  BRIEF    COUliSE 


Mr.  Dwight  Allen, 

North  Orchard  and  Cherry  Sts., 

Cedar  Rapids,  la. 
Dear  Sir: 

In  order  that  the  public  may  know  the  real  character  and 
beauty  of  our  latest  designs,  we  have  published  the  inclosed 
booklet,  illustrating  our  unsurpassed  assortment  of  Diamonds, 
Jewels  and  solid  Silver  Table  and  Toilet  Ware.  We  are 
sure  they  will  interest  you  by  their  artistic  forms,  while 
their  moderate  prices  will  appeal  to  those  who  wish  to 
avoid  extravagant  expenditure.  We  respectfully  refer  you 
to  the  revised  price  lists  for  unparalleled  bargains  in  Jewelry 
and  Silver  Ware. 

The  completeness  and  variety  of  our  stock  of  fancy 
articles  of  every  description  afford  most  attractive  possibili- 
ties for  selection.  Should  you  contemplate  a  purchase  for 
personal  use  or  for  correct  gifts,  you  will  find  in  our 
Christmas  display,  styles  in  advance  of  any  other  establish- 
ment in  the  world. 

Since  the  organization  of  our  house,  the  oldest  in  the 
State,  we  have  maintained  the  highest  standards  of  quality, 
and  have  always  offered  our  wares  at  the  lowest  possible 
prices  consistent  with  these  requirements.  If  you  have  not 
yet  opened  an  account  with  us,  we  invite  you  to  do  so, 
assuring  you  of  every  courtesy  in  our  transactions  with  you. 

Very  cordially, 

Blewett,  Fuller  &  Bro. 


IN   SHORTHAND  149 

QUESTIONS.  1.  Name  the  large  hooks,  the  prefixes, 
and  the  affixes,  and  give  an  example-  of  each.  2.  What  is 
generally  indicated  by  the  use  of  Ar  at  the  beginning  of  an 
outline?  3.  What  is  generally  indicated  by  the  use  of  Ar 
at  the  end  of  an  outline?  4.  Should  Ar  or  Ray  be  used  in 
arrow,  and  why?  5.  Before  what  strokes  is  Ar  always  used 
on  account  of  the  joining?  6.  What  is  generally  indicated 
when  E,ay  begins  an  outline?  7.  What  is  generally  indicated 
when  Ray  ends  an  outline?  8.  After  what  strokes  should  Ray 
be  used  on  account  of  the  joining?  9.  What  is  said  of 
derivative  words?  10.  In  what  three  ways  may  words 
containing  the  same  consonant  sounds  be  distinguished?  11. 
What  consonants  are  most  frequently  omitted?  12.  Give 
some  examples  of  the  omission  of  K  and  Gay?  13.  When 
is  t  often  omitted?  14.  Give  an  example  of  the  omission  of 
p?  Of  r?  Of  11  15.  What  syllables  are  most  frequently 
omitted?  16.  When  may  a  word  be  omitted  in  phrasing? 
17.  Give  some  examples  of  intersections.  18.  What  is 
generally  the  safer  way  of  writing  initials?  19.  What 
should  be  used  for  R?  For  G?  For  C?  For  Q?  For  X? 

20.  What  numbers  should  always  be  written  in  shorthand? 

21.  Write  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  10,  12,  1st,  2d,  3d,  6th,  10th.     22. 
Write   100,000.     23.  Write  20,  30,  40,  50,  60,  70,  80,  90. 
24.    Join  as  many  appendages  as  you  can  to  the  stroke  T, 
and  write  down  the  names  of  the  combinations.     25.    Join 
as  many  appendages  as  you  can  to  Lay,  and  give  the  names 
of  the  combinations.     26.     Give  the  three  general  rules. 

NOTE.  Those  who  use  the  large  Graham  Dictionary  should 
study  the  nomenclature  given  on  page  5  of  that  dictionary, 
as  in  a  few  particulars  we  have  used  a  simpler  nomenclature. 


150 


BRIEF    COURSE 
PHRASES. 


/\ 


(-/       /     -/    /"     •/    /I          -/    /A        / 
C/  CA  C/v.  C/\  (xi 

,A  A  /\    /I  /I  /I 
6 ----- (  •--) 


n 


14 


IN    SHORTHAND 
PHRASES. 


151 


152  BUIEF    COUKSK. 


CONTRACTIONS. 

KET  TO  PAGE  153. 

Line  1.  Adjunct,  adjacent,  suggested,  adjuat,  adjusted,  adjourn, 
tempt,  contempt,  consumption,  presumption,  stamped. 

Line  2.  (Omission  of  W.)  Require,  inquire,  quality,  qualify, 
dissuade,  persuade,  persuasion,  withdraw,  within,  withstand. 

Line  3.  (Omission  of  Y  or  U.)  Adjudicate,  behavior,  situation, 
picture,  fracture,  feature,  temperature,  literature,  moisture. 

Line  4.  (Omission  of  H.)  Comprehend,  apprehend,  comprehen- 
sion, apprehension,  withhold,  behold,  inheritance,  inherited,  be- 
hindhand, history. 

Line  5.  (Omission  of  T  by  changing  the  Steh  loop  in  the  middle 
of  a  word  to  a  circle.)  Mostly,  postpone,  postal-card,  postage, 
postoflice,  testimony,  adjustment,  western,  mistake,  customer. 

Line  6.  (Omission  of  II  when  its  insertion  would  be  difficult.) 
Southern,  Southerner,  manuscript,  purpose,  surprised,  subscribe^ 
superscribe,  prescribe,  proscribe. 

Line  7.  Intelligent,  intelligence,  intelligible,  passenger,  mes- 
senger, brief,  or  briefly,  positively,  chiefly,  stiffly. 

Line  8.  (Omission  of  N  where  its  insertion  is  difficult.)  Penn- 
sylvania, translation,  transaction,  transcribe,  identical,  adjourn- 
ment, assignment,  disappointment,  abandonment,  attainment. 

Line  9.  (Omission  of  ing,  ent-ly,  tial-ly.)  Understanding, 
Thanksgiving,  sufficient  or  sufficiently,  efficient-ly,  deflcient-ly,  pro- 
flcient-ly,  substantial-ly,  prudential-ly,  differential-ly,  circumstan- 
tial-ly. 

Line  10.  (Omission  of  K  or  Gay  after  Ing.)  Distinguish, 
anxiety,  anxious,  distinction,  junction,  sanction,  relinquish,  bank, 
bankrupt. 

Some  omit  K  also  in  the  very  common  words,  expenses,  excep- 
tion, except,  examine,  examination. 

Line  11.  Explain,  explicit,  excursion,  experiment,  express, 
expressive,  expenses,  exception,  except,  examined,  examine-ation. 

When  the  sound  of  K  comes  between  T  and  the  shun  hook, 
some  of  the  best  reporters  omit  the  K  while  others  equally  expert 
insert  it.  K  may  also  be  omitted  between  F  and  shun.  Thus: 

Line  12.  Attraction,  instruction,  contraction,  distraction,  con- 
struction, obstruction,  misconstruction,  satisfaction,  justification. 

Line  13.  New  York,  inst.,  prox.,  reg.,  irregular,  ad.  (vertise- 
ment),  steuo.  (grapher),  Feb.,  Nov.,  January. 

Line  14.  Re-establish,  brightness,  badness,  rewritten,  hereafter, 
supernatural,  reorganization,  appointment. 


IN    SHORTHAND 


153 


I    J     J     L     U 


154 


BKIEF    COURSE 


H 


IN   SHORTHAND 


EXERCISE  ON  CONFLICTING  WORDS. 


155 


A  diseased  man  is  only  sick,  but  a  deceased  man  is  dead. 
The  pure-food  law  is  intended  for  general  protection  against 
the  wholesale  production  of  poor,  adulterated  articles  of 
diet.  Kindly  comply  with  my  request,  and  apply  yourself 
to  your  work.  It  is  my  intention  to  call  your  attention  to 
your  son's  inattention  to  his  studies.  My  counsel  advises  me 
to  cancel  the  account.  Train  your  child  to  turn  away 
from  evil  companions.  He  is  pre-eminently  qualified  for  the 
prominent  position  to  which  he  was  permanently  elected. 
This  eminent  man  is  in  imminent  danger. 


156 


BRIEF    COURSE 


r 


r 


They  permitted  George  to  be  promoted  for  his  promptness. 
He  has  proved  that  he  deserved  to  be  approved.  Douglas  is 
the  sport  of  the  family,  but  Edwin  is  its  support.  Though  a 
mere  child,  he  is  a  remarkable  musician.  Mrs.  Howard 
introduced  the  Misses  Wilder,  daughters  of  the  late  editor 
of  our  oldest  daily.  We  have  written  to  the  firm  to  retain 
those  forms.  Elizabeth  is  very  patient  and  gentle;  con- 
sequently she  has  many  devoted  friends.  Our  auditor  is 
very  gentlemanly,  but  tho  debtor  is  too  passionate. 


Keep  a  copy  of  it  in  the  back  of  the  book.    It  was  objected 
to  as  incompetent,  irrelevant  and  immaterial.     We  naturally 


IN    SHORTHAND  157 

feel  that  he  is  an  unnatural  child.  We  will  prosecute  you  for 
persecuting  us,  if  you  continue  your  oppression  any  longer. 
Now  they  regard  these  things  of  no  value,  but  they  will 
regret  it  by-and-by.  I  think  it  is  ruined,  but  it  may  be 
renewed.  Your  deductions  have  heretofore  been  entirely 
logical;  consequently  I  am  surprised  at  your  recent  illogical 
remarks.  His  detection  was  certain  and  unavoidable.  An 
inevitable  conclusion. 


He  is  evidently  not  a  confidant  of  yours.  He  is  undoubtedly 
indebted  to  the  Judge  for  his  leniency.  He  will  be  indicted 
soon  for  perjury.  The  upper  part  is  not  always  the  principal 
part,  nor  the  upper  house  the  principal  house.  God  will 
guide  the  willing  and  obedient  even  unto  death,  and  will 
lead  them  into  blessedness  for  evermore.  The  column  looks 
slight,  but  it  is  solid  and  strong.  The  preparations  are  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  the  appropriations.  It  is  just 
as  important  to  learn  to  read  shorthand  as  it  is  to  learn  to 
write  it. 


158 


BRIEF    COURSE 


WORDSIGN  REVIEW. 
FIRST  100  WORDS. 

1 


We  have  an  opportunity  to  sell  a  large  part  of  the  doc- 
tor's property  to  best  advantage.  A  new  member  of  the 
Public  Library  Board  is  the  party  who  wishes  to  buy. 
You  will  probably  remember  him  when  I  tell  you  that  he 
was  for  a  long  time  a  regular  general  in  the  United 
States  army.  The  information  is  correct  I  assure  you, 
because  he  told  me  the  full  particulars  at  the  Committee 
meeting,  more  than  two  weeks  ago.  He  remarked  that 
it  was  somewhat  astonishing,  though  the  fact  is,  this 
remarkable  gentleman  is  well  able  to  act  his  own  pleasure. 


SECOND  100  WORDS. 


.\  ( 


IN    SHORTHAND  159 


<x     v^         I      c — s   7  o  <^ 

a^ „   t  1 6 .\.. \x 

\  ^*"*  O 


Is  it  impossible  to  tell  how  much  this  improvement  will 
cost?  Opinions  upon  this  important  matter  have  not  been 
published;  nevertheless,  it  is  now  commonly  reported  that 
it  is  to  be  about  two  million  dollars.  Are  you  aware 
that  the  Superintendent  has  begun  building  an  establish- 
ment for  the  government,  and  that  he  is  also  engaged  in 
large  advertising  schemes?  Accordingly  it  is  still  quite 
difficult  to  give  any  accurate  information  on  a  subject  of 
this  nature.  I  think,  however,  we  can  surely  afford  to  pay 
every  cent  of  its  value,  whatever  that  may  be,  and  which- 
ever plan  we  may  adopt. 

THIRD  100  WORDS. 

\ 


160 


BRIEF    COURSE 


.._  Q Q- 


The  different  representatives  under  the  influence  of  dear 
Mr.  Short  were  invited  the  first  of  last  year  to  work  for  the 
danger  signal  bill.  I  have  found  that  whoever  deals  with 
him  admires  his  character.  To  my  knowledge  he  owes 
nothing  and  he  has  several  hundred  dollars  in  the  bank. 
I  acknowledge  there  are  several  good  objections  which 
must  be  overcome  before  our  object  can  be  attained,  but  it 
appears  that  our  principal  representative  is  equal  to  every 
emergency.  Notwithstanding  all  the  obstacles  that  have 
been  encountered  since  we  began  the  work,  I  think  we 
shall  yet  meet  with  success. 

FOURTH  100  WORDS. 


%  ^-l 

*\\ 


C-, 


1    f  '          **•*_—  ^ 

\  \  .;....- 

X 

\ 

v  7 
7  >  ^  -  J-  

C  —  ,  \  "~^V  * 

o 

a  x 

/  2  /  n  J  -  \ 

u 

If  we  ever  take  hold  of  this  together,  I  shall  rely  entirely 
upon  their  Secretary's  representations,  for  he  has  a  larger 


IN    SHORTHAND  161 

interest  than  any  one  else  in  the  passage  of  the  bill.  As  he 
has  proved  himself  capable  in  the  past,  and  can  usually 
balance  accounts  with  those  who  come  in  his  way,  I  believe 
he  is  equal  to  anything  that  may  happen  in  the  near 
future.  I  do  not  know  what  they  would  do  without  him 
to  represent  them  in  the  future.  I  feel  sure  though  that 
he  cannot  do  much  until  shortly  after  the  first  of  the  year. 


FIFTH  100  WORDS. 


u 


-I 


In  consideration  of  the  advantages  of  the  improvements 
we  ought  to  begin  issuing  the  bonds  immediately.  Your 
brother  told  me  that  he  too  had  already  written  to  a 
number  of  other  parties  about  the  issues  being  behind 
time,  but  it  appears  they  had  neither  public  spirit  nor 
pride  enough  to  do  what  they  could  toward  pushing  things. 
He  gave  me  a  very  laughable  description  of  his  experience 
with  them.  I  told  him  that  his  language  and  descriptive 
powers  were  beyond  criticism  and  that  I  should-  thank  him 
to  apply  himself  to  practice  during  the  summer  and  then 
describe  the  situation  fully. 

11  G 


162 


BRIEF    COURSE 


WORDSIGNS, 

CONTRACTIONS,  AND  A  FEW  PHRASES    AND  DIFFICULT  OUTLINES. 


s    V 

able  to 
\able  to  have               -.  or  „  /^ 

-)    are  not 
~~/  /       arrange-ment 

above 

abundant-ly-ance      p 
p                 accept-ed-ance           jL         -j        6 

as 

as  fast  as 
as  it 
as  little 

-,"7 

according-ly 

account 
/            acknowledge                     Q    „ 

^•—  ^  as  long  as 

as  not 
}9      as  soon  as 

I   I- 

acquaint-ed-ance 

.addition-al 
1            /  advance-d                   9             \ 
•—I-  /—-advancement           .-  \  
era              advantage 

assure 

assured 
)             as  there-their 
P.  astonish-ed-ment 

1    at  all 

advert  ise-d-r 
.  ,  ment 

>• \/ after 

afterward 


at  first 
p  at  length 

at  one 

<J  U          d     at  once 


/        »                     ,  agency 

/                                n_! 

~\-  ^^  along                               • 
}                                   already 

am                               „ 
am  not                        '        i 

at  our 
,           1           ,-,       at  our  own 
attainment 
}          U>         ^    attraction 

authority 
>                       _  average 

...  ^^>  ^-^>  ....  •  -amount-ed 
an,  and 

and  all,  and  will 
y    and  are,  and  our      -^ 

aware  of 
'           I       v    awe 

another  one 

.  x  y  no  other  one                       t 
annual-Iy                    \ 

ay,  aye 

bank-rupt-cy 
V               \         be 

'  <~'""""jp  f--—-  any                              \^, 

anyone 

>,     ^__S\  any  other                  »        * 
•^-  ?                 ^any  other  one            ^ 

become 

._^  been 
v                             before 

'"  anything 
appear 

\^      ^                            appearance 
°                 C     *\          appeared 
...A  ......\  appliance 

applicable-ility 

applicant                   c       ^ 
o                    o     application                \     \ 

begin 

v           v     r-       begun 
\          S    \      beg  leave 
•-i_s  -^-behind 
belief 

\believc-d 
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J  V"!  ~~\  \'~applied 
apply 

apprehend-ed             x/f 
cv       *\     *\       A  or/apprehension-sive    >  *^ 
""  i  y  —  \J-  —  approve-al 
are 

beyond 

'bill  of  lading 
>      <v       \    body 
-V....  brother-hood 
built,  build-ing 

IN    SHORTHAND 


1G3 


\=  ,    s 

business 
but                               c  —  D 
J1    but  also 

corrective 
c  —  R       could 
correspond- 

\   \ 

but  will  not 

by  OUT 
by  our  own                          c      o 

ed-ent-ence 

^                    country 
;7  cross-examination 
f,    danger 

~1S£> 

call  attention 
~  5    call  your  attention   1         1 
can                              ...|     _oZ!N 

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Jdear 
p    December 
1  ..  delinquent-cy 

~\\     c= 

cannot 

capable 
capability                     T   CT 
c  —     care                               J 

deliver-ed-y 

3      -,    deliverance 
describe-d 
description 

.^..^  ^ 

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/  certain-l'y                     IX  I 
-..  /....certificate                  .a  1-  

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deserve 
J       1    diameter-rical 
—  -^             L  did  not 

/c  = 

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1        1    difficult-y 

\ 

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p      children 
—  P.  circumstance            .J.....  ?.  <rrr: 
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\  /''common 

W                                          .                                                         ^  'J 

f     disadvantage 

Idiscover-ed-y 
I               discrepancy 
do 
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1        1     3°ub»t- 

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enlarge-ment 

__-r 

.0,  ^  

compel                                      * 

comprehend 
comprehension 

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entire 
-    \      equal-ly 

.    L^  "i     ° 

condition-al 

conditioned 
3     conform                       \              , 

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.1   ...I 

consequence 

a       consequent-ly                    /> 
1       consider-ablc                          / 

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c          Q    examined 
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JP          J             P 

considered-ate 

constant                    n         p 
1)        constituent                \         \ 

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•l  I'--' 

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contraction                 \         \> 

experienced 

\°\         explain-ed-ation 
\J     express 

correction 

expression 

1C4 


BKIKF    COL'KSK 


-V 


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v          extraordinary 
eye 


V 

V                             fact 
V  V            ^    fall 

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V, 

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V          v        >•».     February 
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-V 

^ 

for 
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ex 

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\  heretofore 

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highly 
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have 

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howsoever 
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J 


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I  think 

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I  should 

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I  would 

^       if  I  may 

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O         identification 
identical -ly 

imagine-ation 

immediato-ly 

important-ce 
impossible-ility 

i  mprove-cl-men  t 
.impugned 
in  all 
in  consideration 

inconsistent, 

indiscriminate-ion 

indispensable 

in  favor 

infer-red-ence 
inferior-ity 
influence 
influential 

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information 
in  order- to 
in  our 

inquire-y 
.....Njn  reference 
in  regard 
in  respect 

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...VJ .</. — instruct- 


t-ed 

instruction 
intelligence 


"f      ~^\      intelligent 
I -V>  ..intelligible 


interest 
invention 


IN   SHORTHAND 


165 


„  investigation                                        v 
V        \                   '  jrregular-ity              v   O^    „               >• 

necessary 
~\   neglect-ed 
^neglectful 
never 

nevertheless 
new 
T-New  Jersey 
New  York 

nobody 
**\  .  no  other 

is  it 
issue 

/                                  it;                                 ^V 
•™/  1  J  -it  had,  it  would       ^  ••>~      -^-T 
it  had-would  not                             ' 

1                   n      r  Jts  „                                 "—  1 
i                     ltself                    ^  ^v            L 

it  will  not 

i                       -   it  would                        i     v  —  si 
.        /              1               January                                      Vx^_^\ 

notification 

notwithstanding 
\November 
••now 
number-ed 

*      object 
\    objected 

-  ^^  f  jury 
kingdom 

v.  -j                                 knowledge                 A       A            \ 
/     v^^        /      J  language                      \       \  1        \j 

/      '/    large 
larger 

S~>        /"                  ~N  learn                          \    /       \          \ 

J2.                            \L  \ 

objective 

C     observe-d-ation 

^*  obstruction 

^^'  long 
Lord                                             U 

>  ^    ~\'    •)            machine                      V.         ^          V 
_S       /^    £?  s  —  3  machinery                                          \. 

of  all 

5      of  it 
of  our 

machinist 
man 

—  s    ^  —  ^\               manifest-ed-ation     \^-  —  -^                  / 
o     ^     '      V  —  °  —  \manner                                            1 

of  their 
of  what 

Ly   oftentimes 
oh,  owe 

manufacture-d-ory 
manuscript 

,,  —                                   Massachusetts                     ^      ^     / 
/  ^-  -^  ,**~^.  s-s  matter                        \                or\ 

on 
on  account 

on  board 
^->    on  either  hand 

/                                   may  be                                                 j^" 

may  not 

A''    ^           member                                 -4          /^ 
s  —  ~^-  —  j,           ^~N  memorandum          j          1 

on  our  part 
on  the  one  hand 

on  the  other  hand 
^_y..on  the  other  side 
""on  the  part  of 
only 

\^  onward 
opinion 

men                                         Vp 

mention 

^   «"~^  mentioned                  */    --  9 
f              merchandise                                        °\ 

messenger 
Mr.,  mere 

^~Q"^~^\         f              Mrs.                               1        ">^      /J 
/    c~~~-             Misses 

opportunity 
t        opposition 

or 
^\  ordinary 

more 
mortgage 

^    b                     much                          / 
/   myself                        ]\  ^\     . 

/  original-ly 
other 

1      °UgHK 
ourself 

M    ourselves 
1    outfit 

over 
...    overtake 

<X 

'•-^     **—*•    nature                             )        <?>  
^-;     ^Y                             natural-ly 

/                             near,  nor 
nearly 

'  own 

106 


BKIKF    COURSE 


particular-ly-ity 
v        \       \           party 
V-  y  passenger 
/                  peculiar-ity 

\     ,,        »k    CV    \    Pennsylvania 
V>Y\     \           ^people 

remember-ed 
X/\  remembrance 
\/    rernit-ted-tance 

represent 
represent  oil 
/\      /\  I  /\       /\     representation 

^                                 perfection 

Nn     \       perform-ed-ance 
r        J      \    Philadelphia 

respect-ed-in.g-ful 
n         n           9              respectable-ility 
A       A         A             .respective 

.  /     \   ..  /.    A    .  .  /v    1        ,     /  rulo   <1 

position 

\^                           possession 
\                     °\        'X    possible-ility 

»                    satisfaction 
satisfy-fied 
p           p          p       p    /  suit  (verb) 
-  J  L/-"satisfactory 

secretary 
o,                                  separate 

"\    ""                 V"~     \  practicable-ility 
practice-  cal 

r\               practiced 
\(\           \o  °\      practices 

\,'                       pres'ent 
pretty 

°\          °\       r\        %  Principal-pie 
\      •    \       \            probable-ity 
V  product 
\       |            profit-able 

\\       \     *\       proof,  prove,  Prof. 
\       \      proper,  propiiety 

"tTT"  '  |     Vr^x  September 

several 

p               ,                       shall,  shalt 
V_            J            0        /  share 

should 

/signature 
O       ^fT~^  (f~~*-  d~*v    similar-ity 
simple-icity 

\        \j  property 
proportion-ed 

N\         \            proportionate- 
\         \               Iv-ness 

simpler 

p                                        situation 
somebody 
ff—*^    <i  —  ^^  «-^  something 

V        V       public  -ation-ly-ity 
\         »       publish-ed-er 

\                              I        punctual-itv 
\                             V)  put 

sometime 

somewhat 
g^     f°    /)                 c\    southeastern 
\/                          special-ty 

^~^     \                        quality 
qualification 

question 

....  _j  i  questionable 

\           spirit 

sport 
\f)         S      spread 
.JN,  L  k   .steadfast 
)  ""  'y     stranger 

stenography-ic- 
<i              S.,       ical-ly-er 
•5^-^           X            XI  subject 

X                 quite 

/\  ^\    ^  /~     —  rapid-ity 
/             \     /            rather 

\                         read 
recollect-ed-ion 

/I       /\/\/\         reduction 
S....\j  /.....}(-  Xo  .N-  refer-red-ence 
refer-ences 
r-^                             reflect-ed-ion 

/       1  /""         /     /  reform-ed 
/           (_/^..C/-...regular-arity 

1  subjected 

subjection 
x           X       \              subjective 
...\)  3   .Vi  ...Q  D  substantial  -ly-ity 
success  -ful 

sufficient  -cy 
P         )       f                 suggest-ed-ion 
..^—<(..  /..  'N  superintend-ed- 
ent-ence 

support 
\    .       J       \        P  sure-ly 
.   N/.      s/.  "  1  surprise 

relate-d-ation 
relative  (adj.) 

/^"^  "~\c^^  c   X    relinquish 
C/  ^x"  remainder 

?v               remark-ed 
remarkable 

system-atic-al-ly 

IN    SHORTHAND 


167 


-)  

.1  /  ( 

take  pleasure 
i      taken 
I      tell 
"testamentary 

testify 
"    /    thank  -ed 

thankful-ness 

^  (    ( 

that 

that  there 
r\          /  the  other 
/        (3  their  -re 

C    - 

themselves 

they  have 
(         1  thins 
V        (Q  think 

,.../  /.... 

this 

those 
°\      though 
(         /      thousand 

io          \ 

..•)          / 

t 

,....\  V  JO 

p 

\               through 

throughout 
thus 

...  |  till 
time 

to 
to  be 
?r  fN.to  have 
\^_        to  our 

together 
told 

took 

\ 


,-j 


</*  we 

we  are  in  receipt 

we  are  not 

we  can 
.  we  may  not 
.we  remain 

we  refer 

we  were,  we  would 
we  will  not 

c <x?..were 

were  not 

were  we,  were  with 


C          r                        D  were  you 
J- -^ what 


what  we  -were- 
would 


„ 


what  you 

whatever 


^ 
/ 


/- 


r 


r.  transcript 

»•  I u \...  p "\ transfer-red-rence 

transform -ed 


c     u 


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whenever 
whichever 
/•••which  were 

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who-m 
f>  whoever 

whole 

who  will 

c   will,  wilt 
wish,  wished 

wisher 

with 

with  what 
(   with  you 
•      -within 


o                 n        n        p  transgress  /  / 

L* 1 1 Ur^fuMy  J  .-.^A..S 


twelve 

under 
understand 
undertake 
unexpected 

s^ p   r_p  uniform-ly-ity 

universe  al 
••United  States 
unless 


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witness 
word 
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D      O    would 

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\  ye,  year-s 

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~j yesterday 


yet 


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P  N  N  J\IS 

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usual -ly 

value 
CN  very 
•Virginia 
virtue     GBP 


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J  you 
V~ST'  'your 

i    your  valued  favor 


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r°rf) OT.U    yours  truly 

you  were,  you 
would 


168 


State  of  Missouri 

vs. 
Hugli  M.  Brooks 

alias 
W.  N.  Maxwell 


«_ 


k-1 


W 


x\. 


V       fc-_P  U  I 

h          <- 
X    O  ... 


O 


V  ./?___.  _ 


5.1) 


r  k. ' , 


'r 


169 


-C*v  v 

v-- 


( ,  V. 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI, 


vs. 


HUGH  M.  BROOKS, 

alias 
W.  H.  MAXWELL. 


In  the  St.  Louis  Criminal  Court, 
State  of  Mo. 

Before  Hou.  G.  S.  Van  Wagoner, 
Judge  and  Jury. 


APPEIARANCE9. 

For  the  State:  Ashley  C.  Clover,  Circuit  Attorney. 

Marshall  F.  McDonald,  Asst.  Circuit  Attorney. 
For  the  Defendant:     Martin  and  Fauntleroy. 

Defendant  sworn  in  his  own  behalf  testified  as  follows : 

DIRECT   EXAMINATION  BY  P.   W.    FAUNTLEROY. 

Q.  State  your  full  name.      A.  Hugh  Mottram  Brooks. 

Q.  How  old  are  you?    A.  Twenty-five. 

Q.  Where  were  you  born?    A.  In  Hyde,  Cheshire,  England. 

Q.  Is  Hyde  your  home?     A.  Yes,  sir. 

Q.  Are  your  parents  living  at  the  present  time?     A.  They  are,  sir. 

Q.  When  did  you  first  engage  in  business,  Mr.  Brooks?     A.  Do  you 

mean  to  practice  or  study? 
Q.  I  mean  in  any  business,  after  you  left  off  being  a  school-boy, 

when  did  you  first  engage  in  business  of  any  kind?     A.  In  1883. 
Q.  What  business  did  you  go  at  then?     A.  I  misunderstood  you. 

Five  years  previous  to  that  I  entered  the  law  office  of  Mr.Brown. 
Q.  Where  was  that?    A.  Stockport,  about  four  and  a  half  miles 

from  Hyde. 

Q.  Five  years  prior  to  1883,  you  went  into  his  office?     A.  Yes,  sir. 
Q.  How  long  did  you  remain  in  his  office?    A.  I  remained  there  over 

four  years. 
Q.  What  were  you  doing  there?    A.  Studying  law.     After  I  left 

Brown's  office,  I  went  to  his  London  agents,  Messrs.  Brown  & 

Howe,  and  completed  the  five  years  there. 
Q.  You  are  a  lawyer  by  profession,  then?     A.  I  am. 
Q.  Have  you  ever  studied  medicine  or  surgery?    A.  I  have. 
Q.  To  what  extent?    A.  Well,  at  the  Collegiate  school  in  Man- 
chester, I  was  on  the  science  side,  and  the  curriculum  included 

physiology,  anatomy,  chemistry,  and  kindred  sciences. 
Q.  At  the  Collegiate  sciiool  at  Manchester?    A.  Yes,  sir. 
Q.  Did  you  study  medicine  otherwise  than  you  have  mentioned, 

there?    Have  you  ever  studied  outside  of  these  studies  or  in 

addition,  to  these  studies?     A.  I  have. 
Q.    How  long  did  you  study  it?    A.  More  or  less  ever  since  I  left  school.    I 

was  very  much  interested  in  science  and  medical  studies  generally,  and 

I  tried  to  keep  up  my  knowledge  of  them  as  far  as  I  could. 
Q.    You  are  not  a  licensed  physician,  are  you?    A,  I  am  not. 
y.    Never  received  any  diploma  or  license  as  a  physician?   A.  No,  sir;  not 

as  a  physician. 

Q.    You  have  as  a  lawyer?    A.  I  have  as  a  lawyer. 
Q.    How  long  did  you  practice  law,  Mr. -Brooks?    A.  Not  quite  two  years; 

as  near  as  I  can  remember,  about  a  year  and  nine  months. 
Q.    1  will  get  you  to  state  to  the  jury  when  and  where  you  first  met  Mr. 

Preller,  O.  Arthur  Preller.     A.  On  board  the  — well,  I  first  met  him  at 

the  Northwestern  hotel,  Liverpool,  but  I  first  became  acquainted  with 

him  on  board  the  steamship  Cephalonia. 
Q.    You  first  met  him  at  the  Northwestern  hotel,  Liverpool?    A.  Yes,  sir; 

that  wa*  the  evening  previous  to  the  day  on  which  the  ship  sailed. 
Q.    That  was  the  day  prior  to  sailing?    A.  Yes,  sir;  the  day  prior  to  sailing. 
Q.    You  say  that  you  met  him  then,  but  that  you  did  not  become  acquainted 

with  him.    Did  you  have  any  introduction  or  know  who  he  was  at  that 

time?    A.  No,  sir. 

170 


IN  SHORTHAND  171 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. 

1.  Write  and   name  all   of    the   up    strokes;   the  down 
strokes;  the  horizontals.     (See  Pars.  166,  168  and  252.) 

2.  Name   the    first-,   second-,  and    third-place    vowels. 
What   vowels  are  written   by    the  first  stroke   and   what 
vowels  are  written  by  the  second  stroke,   when  occurring 
between  two  strokes? 

3.  Which   vowel    governs  the  position  of  a  word,  and 
which  stroke  in  the  outline  is  placed  in  position? 

4.  Give  the  three   positions  for  horizontals;  for  other 
strokes  —  full  lengths;  — half  lengths. 

5.  What  words  need  position,  and  what  words  do  not? 

6.  Name  the  brief  signs  given  in  Lesson  5,  and  state 
what  each  one  represents  and  what  care  should  be  taken 
in  its  formation. 

7.  Give  the  rules  for  the  circles  and  loops.     (Lesson  7.) 

8.  Describe  each  small  hook,  and  show  how  it  is  com- 
bined with  iss.     What  hooks  are  combined  with  sez,  steh, 
and  ster;  and  how? 

9.  Write:  Pef,  Pefs,   Peft,   Pefts,    Pen,    Pens,    Penses', 
Perist,  Penster,  Pent,  Pents. 

10.  Write  and  name  the  PI  and  the  Pr  series,  and  state 
what  is  indicated  by  them.     Can  they  e.ver  be  used  with  an 
intervening  vowel?     (Lesson  21.) 

11.  Name  all  of  the  large  hooks,  both  initial  and  final. 

12.  What  is  the  effect  of  doubling  Ing?     Emp?     What 
else  is  added  by  doubling? 

13.  Name  six  half  lengths.     When  only  may  Ray  and 
Hay  be  halved. 

14.  How  may  -ted,  -ded,  or  -ed  be  represented? 

15.  When  should  halving  not  be  employed?  (Lesson  17.) 

16.  Write:   Assume,  awoke,  policy,  coffee,  serve,'  survey, 


172  BRIEF    COURSE 

Wyoming,  science,  data,  date,  radiate,  ruin,  mean,  cycle, 
seeker,  zero,  riot,  berate,  elevate,  right,  writing.  Give  a 
reason  in  each  case  for  choice  of  stroke  or  brief  sign. 

17.  Before  what  strokes  may  heh  be  used? 

18.  When  should  Ar  and  when  should  Ray  be  used? 

19.  Name  two  strokes  before  which  Ar  is  always  used. 

20.  Name  others  after  which  Ray  is  always  used. 

21.  Name  the  strokes  after  which  El  is  used. 

22.  When  should  El  be  used   at    the   beginning  of  an 
outline? 

23.  Name  the  prefixes;  the  affixes. 

24.  When  should  the  ishun  curl  be  used  instead   of  the 
shun  hook,  and  how  is  it  vocalized? 

25.  Which  word  in  a  phrase  should  be  written  in  posi- 
tion?    Give  exceptions. 

26.  What  classes  of  words  should  be  phrased? 

27.  How  is  /  represented  in  phrasing?    He?  You?  Us? 
Is  or  his?  As  or  hast  We?  Not?  With?  May  be?  Have  been? 

28.  Give  three  ways  of  representing  there  or  they  are;  two 
ways  of  representing  their. 

29.  What  words  may  be  indicated  by  the  n  hook?    The 
v  hook?    The  1  hook?    The  r  hook? 

30.  What  words  may  be  indicated  by  halving? 

31.  Give    examples    of    lapping;    of    intersections;    of 
omissions  of  letters,  syllables,  and  words. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


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ForfflL9-25«t-9,'47(A5618)444 


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shorthand. 


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